Page 140 - Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything

126 Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything

impressive corpus of information, including MSK [Memorial Sloan-
Kettering] curated literature and rationales, as well as over 290 medical jour-
nals, over 200 textbooks, and 12 million pages of text. Watson for Oncology
also supplies for consideration supporting evidence in the form of adminis-
tration information, as well as warnings and toxicities for each drug” (IBM
Watson, 2016). In essence, cognitive assistants data-mine the results of
research. In the context of this chapter we see cognitive assistants used to
provide additional inputs to models.

7.5 TOWARDS A THEORY OF THE WEB OF SMART ENTITIES
In this section, we develop a theory of WSE. We use the examples described
in the prior section to justify the components of the WSE theory. We show
that this use of the web is about real-time data, real-time models that capture
routine behavior, and models that are authorized to act. We show the effects
of this automation. We will end this section by highlighting the changing
roles of established stakeholders and practices.

7.5.1 Real-Time Data
Smart and not so smart devices already generate data. While data on IoT
comes from “things,” in the extended scenario we described earlier, we
demonstrated that data originates not only from things, even if they are every-
things, but also from software applications that are not directly connected to
things and, as a matter of fact, can be quite removed from the data produced
by devices. We additionally exposed the applications to the readers that col-
lect real-time data in a noncontinuous fashion.
Definition 1. Real-time data originates from different kinds of sources
and is reported with different kinds of frequencies.
Let us consider some of the different kinds of data sources and frequen-
cies under consideration.
Sensor data. Without a doubt, a key aspect of IoT and, by extension WSE,
is real-time data obtained from sensors. Typically this data is reported
continuously.
Manually entered data. If we look at how a person’s diet data is entered into
a system, it is currently not generated by sensors. If a meal planner is used,
controlling for portion size, then some of the data is known and can be
entered automatically. No matter how the data is entered, whether manually
or automatically, it still is real-time data. It is just that most people do not eat
continuously. While continued automation and perhaps video analysis will