Page 171 - Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Neural Networks and Brain Computing

CHAPTER

The New AI: Basic

Concepts, and Urgent 8

Risks and Opportunities in

the Internet of Things

Paul J. Werbos
US National Science Foundation, retired, and IntControl LLC, Arlington, VA, United States

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction and Overview ..................................................................................162
1.1 Deep Learning and Neural Networks Before 2009e11 ........................... 162
1.2 The Deep Learning Cultural Revolution and New Opportunities ............... 162
1.3 Need and Opportunity for a Deep Learning Revolution in Neuroscience.... 163
1.4 Risks of Human Extinction, Need for New Paradigm for
Internet of Things................................................................................ 164
2. Brief History and Foundations of the Deep Learning Revolution .............................164
2.1 Overview of the Current Landscape ....................................................... 164
2.2 How the Deep Revolution Actually Happened......................................... 167
2.3 Backpropagation: The Foundation Which Made This Possible.................. 168
2.4 CoNNs, >3 Layers, and Autoencoders: The Three Main Tools of
Today’s Deep Learning......................................................................... 170
3. From RNNs to Mouse-Level Computational Intelligence: Next Big Things
and Beyond........................................................................................................172
3.1 Two Types of Recurrent Neural Network ................................................ 172
3.2 Deep Versus Broad: A Few Practical Issues............................................ 175
3.3 Roadmap for Mouse-Level Computational Intelligence (MLCI) ................. 176
3.4 Emerging New Hardware to Enhance Capability by Orders of Magnitude... 176
4. Need for New Directions in Understanding Brain and Mind ...................................178
4.1 Toward a Cultural Revolution in Hard Neuroscience ............................... 179
4.2 From Mouse Brain to Human Mind: Personal Views of the
Larger Picture..................................................................................... 182
5. Information Technology (IT) for Human Survival: An Urgent Unmet Challenge ........184
5.1 Examples of the Threat from Artificial Stupidity ..................................... 185
5.2 Cyber and EMP Threats to the Power Grid ............................................. 185
5.3 Threats From Underemployment of Humans .......................................... 186
5.4 Preliminary Vision of the Overall Problem, and of the Way out................. 187
References .............................................................................................................188

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Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Neural Networks and Brain Computing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815480-9.00008-6
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