Page 101 - Battleground The Media Volume 1 and 2

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they also require subjectively recognized qualities beyond simple celebrity sta-
tus. Celebrity by itself therefore does not guarantee public affection and adoration,
and celebrity status doesn’t automatically translate into popularity, much less
worship.
see also Audience Power to Resist; Cultural Appropriation; Paparazzi and Photo-
graphic Ethics; Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media; Transme-
dia Storytelling and Media Franchises; User-Created Content and Audience
Participation.
Further reading: Boorstin, Daniel. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo Events in America. New
York: Atheneum, 1961; Cavicchi, Daniel. Tramps Like Us; Music and Meaning among
Springsteen Fans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998; Elliott, Anthony. The
Mourning of John Lennon. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999; Fiske, John,
Reading the Popular. Boston: Unwin and Hyman, 1989a; Fiske, John, Understanding
Popular Culture, Boston: Unwin and Hyman, 1989b; Gray, Jonathan, Cornel Sandvoss,
and C. Lee Harrington, eds. Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated. New
York: New York University Press, 2007; Hills, Matt. Fan Cultures. New York: Routledge,
2002; Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment
as Mass Deception,” in Dialectic of Enlightenment, New York: Seabury, 1972; Horton,
Donald, and R. Richard Wohl. “Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction:
Observation on Intimacy at a Distance.” Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (1956): 215–29; Jenkins,
Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Rout-
ledge, 1992; Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of
Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979; Marshall, P. David. Celeb-
rity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1997; Rojek, Chris. Celebrity. London: Reaktion, 2001; Sandvoss, Cornel. Fans:
The Mirror of Consumption. Malden, MA: Polity, 2005; Sconce, Jeffrey. “A Vacancy at the
Paris Hilton,” in Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, ed. Jonathan
Gray, Cornel Sandvoss, and C. Lee Harrington. New York: New York University Press,
2007; Stacey, Jackie. Stargazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship. New York:
Routledge, 1994; Thompson, John B. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the
Media, Cambridge: Polity, 1995; Turner, Graeme. Understanding Celebrity. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004; Vermorel, Fred, and Judy Vermorel. Starlust: The Secret Fantasies
of Fans. London: Comet, 1985.

Cornel Sandvoss

Children and eFFeCts: FroM sesaMe
street to ColuMBine

Children are generally considered to be a vulnerable audience, and fears
about the possible negative effects that media might have on them have cir-
culated since the spread of mass-produced culture in the nineteenth century.
At the same time, there have always been progressives who have assumed that
“proper” media could have positive effects on children. What roles should par-
ents, educators, the government, and media producers themselves play in guar-
anteeing that children have access to appropriate media? And who decides what
is appropriate?