Page 415 - Battleground The Media Volume 1 and 2

| Propaganda Model

influential in shaping perceptions and opinions. It is uncontroversial to suggest
that media do have various impacts, although the range of those influences, es-
pecially with regard to behavior, remains highly contested. A range of scholar-
ship exists that provides much empirical support for the notion that media are
both culturally and politically influential, having intended effects on opinion
and policy.

ConCLusion

In conclusion, the propaganda model is a critical approach, concerned with
the interplay between power and ideology, and how these connect to social in-
equality and economic imbalances within the broader social world. It can also be
seen to be a democratic approach, concerned with social injustices. Like critical
discourse analysis, the propaganda model advocates an approach to the study of
social forces that is accessible and can be read and understood by nonspecial-
ist audiences. The model’s foundational assumptions and program of inquiry
seem today to be even more relevant than when the model was initially origi-
nated, given the globalizing economy and the ever-increasing global power and
reach of large corporations, in the face of growing powerlessness among the vast
majority of the world’s population.
see also Audience Power to Resist; Bias and Objectivity; Children and Effects;
Conglomeration and Media Monopolies; Government Censorship and Free-
dom of Speech; Hypercommercialism; Media and Citizenship; Media and
Electoral Campaigns; Narrative Power and Media Influence; Paparazzi and Pho-
tographic Ethics; Public Opinion; Public Sphere; Sensationalism, Fear Mongering,
and Tabloid Media.
Further reading: Chen, Jean, Teresa Chen, and Jeffery Klaehn. “An Assessment of the Physi-
cal, Emotional and Economic Impact(s) of Workplace Injury in Canada and Analysis of
the Ideological Formation of the Workers Compensation Board in the Canadian Media.”
In Bound by Power: Intended Consequences, ed. Jeffery Klaehn. Montreal: Black Rose
Books, 2006; Chomsky, Noam. Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic So-
cieties. Toronto, Ontario: CBC Enterprises, 1989; Chomsky, Noam. Media Control: The
Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997; Chomsky,
Noam, and Edward S. Herman. The Political Economy of Human Rights, Volume One:
The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Montreal: Black Rose, 1979; Her-
man, Edward S. “The Propaganda Model: A Retrospective.” Journalism Studies 1, no. 1
(2000): 101–102; Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent: The
Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon, 1988; Klaehn, Jeffery, ed.
Filtering the News: Essays on Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. Montreal: Black
Rose Books, 2005; Klaehn, Jeffery, ed. Bound by Power: Intended Consequences. Mon-
treal: Black Rose Books, 2006; Miller, David, ed. Tell Me Lies: Propaganda and Media
Distortion in the Attack on Iraq. London: Pluto, 2003; Winter, James. Democracy’s Oxy-
gen: How the Corporations Control the News. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1998; Winter,
James. MediaThink. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2002; Winter, James. Lies Media Tell Us.
Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2007.
Jeffery Klaehn