Page 162 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

industrial technologies 981

Chemistry is a most effectual agent for democracy, since it actually accomplishes in regard to
many material things that equality which legislation aims to bring about in the political s
phere. Luxuries, formerly the monopoly of the privileged classes, become, through applied
science, the common property of the masses. • Edwin E. Slosson (20th century)

Drews, R. (1988). The coming of the Greeks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton technology incorporates a comprehensive set of individ-
University Press. ual techniques that make it possible to carry out these
Gamkrelidze, T., & Ivanov, V. (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-
Europeans. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. transformations, and a technique is, in the final analysis,
Gimbutas, M. (1991). The civilization of the goddess. San Francisco: a set of instructions, much like a recipe.They tell the bas-
Harper.
Gimbutas, M. (1997).The Kurgan culture and the Indo-Europeanization ket weaver and the metallurgical engineer how to do
of Europe (M. R. Dexter & K. Jones-Bley, Eds.), Journal of Indo- their work. Through most of history, these instructions
European Studies Monograph No. 18: Papers by Marija Gimbutas. were informal and usually part of an oral tradition, but
Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
Mallory, J. P. (1989). In search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames they were at least in part codified and unambiguous.
and Hudson. Either way, industrial technologies are an essential part
Mallory, J. P. (2002). Indo-Europeans and the steppelands: The model of
language shift. In K. Jones-Bley, M. Huld, A. D.Volpe, & M. R. Dex- of useful knowledge, and without them, humans could
ter (Eds.), Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 44: Pro- not survive.
ceedings of the Thirteenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference The techniques used by a society by and large deter-
(pp. 1–27).Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
Mallory, J. P., & Adams, D. Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European mine its quality of life, its standard of living, and most
culture. London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. other components of its material existence. To be sure,
Renfrew, C. (1987). Archaeology and language. London: Jonathan
Cape. resource endowment and geographical environment
Renfrew, C. (1996). Language families and the spread of farming. In D. seem at first glance to be of primary importance, but
R. Harris (Ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism clearly such endowments need to be exploited and uti-
in Eurasia (pp. 70–92). London: University College.
Renfrew, C. (1999).Time depth, convergence theory, and innovation in lized; a society that finds itself sitting on huge oil
Proto-Indo-European: ‘Old Europe’ as a PIE linguistic area. Journal of reserves, such as those in Saudi Arabia, cannot enjoy the
Indo-European Studies,27(3–4). 257–293.
Sherratt, A., & Sherratt, S. (1988). The archaeology of Indo-European: potential wealth they could generate until industrial tech-
An alternative view. Antiquity,62, 584–595. nologies have reached a stage that makes their exploita-
Zvelebil, M., & Zvelebil, K. (1988). Agricultural transition and Indo- tion feasible. It is equally true that some locales, such as
European dispersals. Antiquity,62, 574–583.
Japan and Switzerland, were on the whole poor in natu-
ral resources, but through increasingly sophisticated tech-
nology became capable of creating living standards far
superior to those of many well-endowed nations in South
Industrial America and Africa.
The instructions contained in industrial technology
Revolution usually involve three elements. One is the use of tools

and artifacts. Some find the artifact to be the central unit
See Electricity; Energy; Industrial Technologies; Mod- of technology (Basalla 1988), but this approach is clearly
ern Era misleading. A piano is an artifact, but different sets of
instructions are needed to play the Hammerklavier sonata,
to tune it, or to move it into a fourth-floor apartment. A
second element is energy: both heat and kinetic energy
Industrial are used to transform substances into a useful form in
which they can be consumed. Some scholars, such as
Technologies Wrigley (1988), have indeed suggested that the entire

nature of industrial technology is dependent on whether
he use of industrial technologies—procedures a society depended primarily on organic energy (wood
Tthrough which raw materials are transformed and and animal power) or mineral power (fossil fuels). Other
prepared for human use by a combination of energy and sources of energy, such as wind and water power, or nu-
workmanship—is evident throughout recorded history.A clear and geothermal power, have also been of some