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With a hypothetical return rate of 40 to 45 percent, this Migration—challenges and responses for people on the move. New
York: United Nations Publications.
could account for the difference of 55 million migrants Markovits, C. (1999). Indian merchant networks outside India in the
found in migrant stock estimates from 1990 to 2003. nineteenth and twentieth centuries: A preliminary survey. Modern
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A comparison of this number with the peak migra-
Marrus, M. (2002). The unwanted: European refugees from the First World
tions of the early twentieth century shows absolute num- War through the Cold War. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
bers that are up to three times higher than earlier McEvedy, C., & Jones, R. (1978). Atlas of world population history. Lon-
don: Penguin.
migrations, but quite similar as a proportion of world McKeown, A. (2004). Global Migration, 1846–1940. Journal of World
population. A total of 80 million migrants in the 1990s History, 15, 155–189.
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would account for 1.5 percent of world population,
1922. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
while the 32 million migrants from 1906 to 1915 Nugent,W. (1992). Crossings:The great transatlantic migrations, 1870–
accounted for 1.8 percent of world population. It seems 1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Potts, L. (1990). The world labour market: A history of migration. Lon-
likely that the impact of long-distance migration in these don: Zed Books.
two periods is quite comparable. But this may not be the Sandhu, K. S. (1969). Indians in Malaysia: Some aspects of their immi-
gration and settlement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
best measurement of global mobility: 454 million
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century. The shifts of global population that have been overseas, 1830–1920. London: Oxford University Press.
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nineteenth century are far from over.
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Adam McKeown ulation and Development Review, 24, 429–68.

Further Reading
Castles, S., & Miller, M. (1993). The age of migration: International pop-
ulation movements in the modern world. New York: Guilford Press. Globalization
Cohen, R. (1997). Global diasporas: An introduction. Seattle: University
of Washington Press.
Curtin, P. (1995). Why people move: Migration in African history. Bay- he first step toward a clearer view of globalization is
lor,TX: Baylor University Press.
Davis, K. (1951). The population of India and Pakistan. New York: Rus- Tdistinguishing between it as a description of a phe-
sell and Russell. nomenon or an existing condition and the use of “glob-
Ferenczi, I., & Willcox,W. (Eds.). (1929). International migrations:Vol.
1, Statistics. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. alize” as a verb implying a process. On the former,
Ferenczi, I., & Willcox,W. (Eds.). (1931). International migrations:Vol.. globalization implies a thickening of the web of rela-
2, Interpretations. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. tionships between previously distant parts of the world
Gottschang,T., & Lary, D. (2000). Swallows and settlers:The great migra-
tion from North China to Manchuria. Ann Arbor: The University of and, associated with this, a quickening in the velocity of
Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies. such contacts. We can say that we are becoming more
Gould, J. D. (1979). European inter-continental emigration 1815–1914:
Patterns and causes. European Journal of Economic History, 8, 593– globalized to the extent that consumer goods from all
679. parts of the world are now available in the market
Hatton, T., & Williamson, J. (1998). The age of mass migration: Causes shelves of the richest countries. Similarly, the world has
and economic impact. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hoerder, D. (2002). Cultures in contact:World migrations in the second become globalized in that in practically every corner of
millennium. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. the globe one can find islands of consumption similar to
International Labour Office. (1936). World statistics of aliens: A com-
parative study of census returns, 1910–1920–1930. Geneva, Switzer- that enjoyed in the rich countries. The world has also
land: International Labour Office. become much more globalized in that the time that these