Page 272 - Between One and Many The Art and Science of Public Speaking

Chapter 9 Organizing Messages 239

Tips and Tactics
Ways to Close With Impact

Effective ways to close a speech with impact include:
• Quotation
• Anecdote
• Direct appeal to action
• Return to opening

Handling Audience Questions
Depending on the situation and time available, many speakers take questions
from the audience after they fi nish their formal presentation. For some helpful
guidelines, we invite you to read the box, “Speaking of . . . Handling the Q&A”
on page 240. The question and answer period is often one of the most important
parts of a speech. It is one last chance to demonstrate mastery of the subject mat-
ter, enhance credibility, and clear up anything the audience may have missed in
the speech.

www.mhhe.com/brydon6
Preparing the Formal Outline To help you prepare your
speech outline, go to our
Online Learning Center Web
Once you have a rough structure of your speech, including the body, introduc- site and click on the Outline
tion, and conclusion, your instructor may recommend that you prepare a formal Tutor link.
outline of the speech. A formal outline is a detailed outline used in speech
preparation but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation. Usually, such an formal outline
outline should be prepared on a computer, depending on your instructor’s re- A detailed outline used in
quirements. Such outlines help you put your ideas down in a clear and orga- speech preparation, but
nized fashion. If submitted in advance of a speech, it also allows instructors to not, in most cases, in the
give you feedback and make suggestions. actual presentation.
There are two basic types of outlines. Phrase or key word outlines are meaning-
ful to the speaker but probably would not make a lot of sense to anyone else. For
example, a speaker might prepare the following outline for her own use:
Intro: Tell story
I. Rock music
II. Volume
III. Deafness
Conclusion: Same story 10 years later

Because this outline probably would make sense only to the speaker, begin-
ning speakers are frequently expected to prepare a full-sentence outline. In this
type of outline, you include a full statement indicating what each main point
and subpoint cover. All the parts of the speech are included, even transitions.
Generally, a formal outline should include the following:

• The specifi c purpose, stated as an infi nitive phrase (to . . .), describing
exactly what the speaker wants the speech to accomplish.