Page 258 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals 237

TABLE 8.5 Comparison of Combustion Parameters: Heating Oil versus Oil Derived
from Y-Catalytic Conversion of Animal Fat (AF) at T 400 C
Heating oil & oil Oil derived Limiting
Parameter Heating oil from AF 1:1 from AF value

NCV, MJ/kg 42.0 41.5 41.3 >42 *
2
Kinetic viscosity, mm /s 3.25 2.74 2.51 <6.0 *
C, % 86.5 85.7 83.4 —
H, %, 14.0 13.8 13.5 —
N, % <0.14 (d/l) <0.14 (d/l) <0.14 (d/l) —
S, % <0.34 (d/l) <0.34 (d/l) <0.34 (d/l) <0.20 *
NO X , mg/m 3 162 186 233 250 †
SO 2 , mg/m 3 87 26 0 350 †
Smoke pot no. 0.0 0.4 0.4 1 ‡
*
DIN 51 603
†
TA Luft
‡
1. BImSchV
d/l: detection limit
occur in the middle distillate. Alower density and a higher cetane number
are a quality-enhancing advantage. A drawback is the susceptibility to
freezing point of the fuel. This kind of cold flow behavior would make its
use in winter impossible unless special additives are supplemented [40].

8.3.3 Feed component in FCC
In 1993, the influence of 3–30% rapeseed oil in vacuum distillate FCC
feed on product slate and quality both at laboratory and at a continu-
ously operated bench-scale apparatus was reported for the first time
[41]. On the one hand, results showed decreasing yields of liquid hydro-
carbons with increasing rapeseed oil concentrations. On the other hand,

TABLE 8.6 Product Quality of the Hydrocracker with 20% and without Rapeseed Oil
as a Feed Component
Fraction Total oil Gasoline Middle distillate VGO*
Rapeseed oil, % 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20
Density (15 C), g/mL 0.815 0.815 0.753 0.759 0.830 0.817 0.852 0.847
Carbon, mass % 86.04 85.33 85.39 85.31 86.06 85.27
Hydrogen, mass % 14.01 14.42 14.48 14.64 13.82 14.66
Sulphur, ppm 284 114 29 39 103 18 38 11
Nitrogen, ppm <1 2 <1 0.5 <1 <1 0.7 <1
Oxygen, mass % 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 <0.1 0.06
NCV, MJ/kg 43.9 44.0 43.4 44.0
Octane number (MOZ) 63.2 61.4
Cetane number 48 64
Pour point, C 35 3
*VGO, vacuum gas oil.