Page 260 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals 239

14

Total C 3 + C 4 (LPG) [wt.%] 12
13

11

10

8 9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Animal fat (%) in VGO
Figure 8.17 Cocatalytic cracking of animal fat and vacuum gas oil (VGO) in MAT
experiments. Gasoline potentials show a maximum at low rapeseed portions around
1
7%; weight–hourly space velocity (WHSV) 2 h .

8.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts
Cottonseed oil has been thermally decomposed at 450 C using 1% Na CO 3
2
as a catalyst [42]. Pyrolysis produced a yellowish-brown oil with 70 C yield.
The fuel properties of original and pyrolyzed cottonseed oil are sum-
marized in Table 8.7. Results of ASTM distillation compared to diesel
are given in Table 8.8 showing a higher volatility for the conversion
product.
Rapeseed oil was pyrolyzed in the presence of about 2% calcium oxide
up to a temperature of 450 C [43]. An oil was obtained with a heating

TABLE 8.7 Fuel Properties of Original and Pyrolyzed Cottonseed Oil and No. 2 Diesel
Fuel
Property Diesel fuel Pyrolyzed oil Original oil
API gravity 35 35 21.5
Specific gravity (at 15.6 C) 0.8504 0.8500 0.9246
2
Kinetic viscosity (mm/s ) at 40 C 0.0213 0.0178 0.0357
Cetane index 33 28 20
Flash point, C 96 53 268
Sulfur content, wt.% 0.04 Nil 0.02
Pour point, C 0.0 >15 23
Sediment content, wt.% Nil 0.04 5.0
Calorific value, kJ/g 45.57 45.57 41.80
Water content, vol.% Nil 2.98 1.20
Ash content, wt.% Nil Nil Nil
Carbon residue, wt.% 0.01 0.16 1.06