Page 261 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

240 Chapter Eight

TABLE 8.8 Results of ASTM Distillation of No. 2 Diesel
Oil and Pyrolyzed Cottonseed Oil as Volume Percent
Temperature C

Parameter Diesel oil Pyrolyzed oil
Distillate, %
0 63 55
10 105 79
20 174 116
30 192 131
40 200 157
50 210 178
60 235 186
70 245 220
80 250 247
90 255 269
98 260 –
Recovery, % 98 90
Residue, % 1 9
Loss, % 1 1

2
value of 41.3 MJ/kg, a kinematic viscosity of 5.96 mm /s, a cetane
number of 53, and a flash point of 80 C. When tested on a diesel engine,
the thermal efficiency ( ) and brake specific fuel consumption were
th
improved. The concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas was
less than diesel. The absence of sulfur in the pyrolytic oil was seen as
an advantage to avoid corrosion problems and the emission of polluting
sulfur compounds from combustion.
Triolein, canola oil, trilaurin, and coconut oil were pyrolyzed over acti-
vated alumina at 450 C and atmospheric pressure [44]. The products
13
were characterized by IR spectrometry and decoupled C-NMR spec-
troscopy. The hydrocarbon mixture contained both alkanes and alkenes.
These results are significant for the pyrolysis of lipid fraction in sewage
sludge as well as for wastes from food-processing industries [44].
Pyrolysis of rapeseeds, linseeds, and safflowers results in bio-oil con-
taining oxygenated polar components. Hydropyrolysis at medium pres-
sure in the presence of 1% ammonium dioxydithiomolybdenate
(NH ) MoO S can remove two-thirds to nine-tenths of the oxygen pres-
4 2
2 2
ent in the seeds to generate bio-oils in yields up to 75% [45]. In addi-
tion, extraction with organic solvents including diesel oil gave yields up
to 40%.
The potential of liquid fuels from Mesua ferrea seed oil [46], Euphorbia
lathyris [47, 48], and underutilized tropical biomass [49] has been inves-
tigated in the search for “energy farms” involving the purposeful culti-
vation of selected plants to obtain renewable energy sources.