Page 198 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

180 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

4.1.2 Biodiesel effects on gaseous toxics
Scaling factors of toxic gaseous for different BDF blends relative to diesel
were calculated as follows (US EPA, 2002):

SF TG ¼ a TG vol%bdf + 1 (6.4)

where a TG is the coefficient related to emission x which was considered as
statistically significant with 90% confident (Table 6.3).

4.1.3 Base case emissions from petroleum combustion
The base case emissions of petrodiesel were obtained from spreadsheet data
attached with a report on the calculation method of the transport emissions
in the Netherlands (Klein et al., 2016). Characteristics of exhaust gases from
diesel engines in buses, light/heavy-duty trucks, and maritime navigation
were used. All data were from 2014; however, data from 1999 were used
for SO 2 due to the petrodiesel standard of 1999 in the Netherlands being
the same as current petrodiesel specifications in Viet Nam, with a sulfur con-
tent of up to 500ppm. Since the sulfur content within the fuel positively
correlates with the emission of SO 2 in exhausted gas (IPCC, 2006; Kristen-
sen, 2012), the concentration of SO 2 was extracted from the percentage of
biodiesel in the fuel. According to biodiesel specifications of Viet Nam
(QCVN 1:2015/BKHCN), the sulfur content in biodiesel should be
<10ppm and <500ppm in terms of petrodiesel.
In that report, Klein et al. (2016) considered several sources of emissions
from the engine operation. Total emissions from road transport, for exam-
ple, include tailpipe emissions, evaporative emissions from road vehicles, and
PM emissions from tire and brake wear and road abrasion. In the case of mar-
itime navigation, only exhaust emissions including SO 2 , nitrous oxide
(N 2 O), ammonia (NH 3 ), heavy metals and volatile organic compounds
(VOC)/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) components were
monitored.
Emission factors for calculating transport emissions of several vehicles are
presented in Table 6.4. The data were analyzed under the condition of the
Dutch transportation system.
According to Klein et al. (2016), combustion emissions mainly include
CO, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), particulate matter (PM 10 ), N 2 O, NH 3 , meth-
ane (CH 4 ), SO 2 ,CO 2 , VOC and PAH components and heavy metals; and
evaporative emissions are VOC components, only accounted in the case of
petrodiesel used.