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Inedible vegetable-oil based biodiesel in Northern Viet Nam 181

Table 6.4 Emission factors of cruise ship, bus, and heavy-duty truck (Klein et al., 2016)
Emission factor (gkg 21 fuel)
Emission Cruise ship Bus Heavy-duty truck
50 33 52.2
NO x
PM 4 0.862 1.033
3.4 0.933 0.933
SO 2
CO 10 5.203 3.356
3173 3173 3173
CO 2
Acetaldehyde 0.114 0.086 0.149
Ethylbenzene 0.03 0.013 0.022
Formaldehyde 0.348 0.058 0.1
Naphthalene 0.04 0.01 0.016
0.24 0.058 0.1
CH 4

4.1.4 Fuel leakages and use
In consultation with a maritime engine expert in Ha Long Bay, it was found
out that 1% and 2% fuel leakage were applied to new (operating from 2010)
and old (operating before 2010) engines, respectively. According to the
board registration record, there were 81% of ships registered before 2010
and the others accounted for 19%. Thus the fuel leakage rate was set to 1.8%.
Other studies on biodiesel derived from soybean (US EPA, 2002) and
Hibiscus cannabinus ( Jindal and Goyal, 2012; Sorate, 2013) claimed that fuel
consumption of pure biodiesel is from 9% to 12% higher than that of pet-
rodiesel, due to the lower calorific value and higher density. However, those
statements were not evident enough to determine which part was due to the
lower calorific value of biodiesel and which part was the contribution of the
fuel density. Moreover, the functional unit of the system was based on vol-
umetric consumption of fuel (kiloliters per year) then allocated to the mass
value considering the difference in density of fuels. Therefore to avoid dou-
ble counting, no adjustment in fuel consumption between biodiesel and die-
sel was employed.
Annually, 550 cruise ships operating in Ha Long Bay, coal mining
dump trucks, city buses in Ha Noi (data from SATREPS Project), and
long-distance buses from Ha Noi to other major cities/provinces (own com-
putation data based on fuel consumption rate and distances) consume
60,000 kiloliters of petrodiesel. According to fuel densities, annual mass
fuel consumptions were changed following the type of biofuel used
(Table 6.5).