Page 220 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

196 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

250% 250%
200% 200%
150% 150%
100% 100%
50% 50%
0% 0%
Human Human
–50% health –50% health
–100% –100%
(A) (B)
Cultivation Vegetable oil extraction Biodiesel esterification and blending Biodiesel consumption Petrodiesel (B0)
Fig. 6.3 Contribution of unit processes in total life cycle impacts of B100 compared to
petrodiesel systems: (A) Hibiscus-Vernicia biodiesel in Ha Noi and (B) Pongamia
biodiesel in Quang Ninh.

Human health
–1
(DALY pers )
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Cruise boat Bus Dump truck
B0 B5 B10 B20 B100
Fig. 6.4 Exhaust gas impacts on human health of different biodiesel blends use in
several vehicles.
5.2 Net carbon dioxide emissions
The level of carbon dioxide uptake by standing Pongamia and Vernicia trees
was higher than the total carbon dioxide emitted from various activities in
the entire life cycle of the biodiesel system (Fig. 6.3). Consequently, minus
values of the ecological footprint in B20 (only Hibiscus-Vernicia biodiesel)
and B100 systems and considerable reduction in the outcome of ecological
footprint in other lower biodiesel systems comparing to the petrodiesel sys-
tem were obtained (Table 6.9).

5.3 Biocapacity

In terms of required plantation area to provide enough feedstock for annual
biodiesel production, the results recorded the gain in biocapacity in all bio-
diesel systems. Available land in designated areas could cover all the