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Inedible vegetable-oil based biodiesel in Northern Viet Nam 199

Another study conducted by CheHafizan and Noor (2013) likewise indi-
cated that under an LCA perspective, biodiesel had more preferable envi-
ronmental behaviors than petrodiesel as it could lower abiotic depletion
potential, global warming potential, and ozone depletion potential due to
reduction of crude oil use, the increase in CO 2 absorption in the agricultural
stage, and the lowering of emissions from crude oil extraction and refining,
respectively. Their paper also denoted the higher acidification and eutrophi-
cation potential due to fertilizer utilization, and higher photochemical oxi-
dation potential due to the higher concentration of NO x in combustion
emissions of biodiesel compared to petrodiesel systems.

5.5 Triple I
Fig. 6.6 presents values of Triple I and its parameters after applying conver-
sion factors in four biodiesel systems: B5, B10, B20, and B100 in Ha Noi
(a) and Quang Ninh (b). In Ha Noi, although neat biodiesel (B100) had
the highest impact on human health and ecosystem quality, it supported a
significant decrease in ecological footprint. Moreover, the revenue from
the B100 system was also the highest. Impacts of B100 in Quang Ninh were
similar to that in Ha Noi except for the human health impact. This system
could reduce nearly 60% of human health impact compared to petroleum
system.
When the value of Triple I is less than zero, the studied system is iden-
tified as a sustainable system. As shown in Fig. 6.6, out of the four blends in
both areas, only the B100 system in Ha Noi proved its potential sustainabil-
ity. Other systems could not reach the sustainable level since their reduction
of the ecological footprint was particularly low and less revenue was
obtained.
Biodiesel systems have been proposed to combat natural resource deple-
tion and allow reduction of petrodiesel use. The existence of biodiesel was
not expected to raise the total fuel consumption or to form a new fuel system
in parallel with the petroleum system. Hence, as an alternative source, bio-
diesel should be considered under the business-as-usual scenario (with neat
petrodiesel use) to delineate what human beings and the environment could
gain from implementing this system. Therefore different influences between
the current petrodiesel system and the execution of the biodiesel system
were incorporated into Triple I and its parameters, from now on referred
to as avoided scenarios. Fig. 6.6 shows that when biodiesel and its blends
were used instead of neat petrodiesel, all biodiesel systems are sustainable.