Page 222 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

198 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

400
60
300 50
$ (millions) 200 $ (millions) 40
30
100
10
- 20
Costs Benefits Revenue
-
–100
Costs Benefits Revenue
–200
Annual—cultivation
Capital Annual—production
Annual—extraction Co-product—Roselle dried calyces
Biodiesel and glycerin Other co-products (phytosterol/sugar/vitamine E)
Co-product—Vernicia oil
(A) (B)
Fig. 6.5 Distribution of different components in average total cost and benefit per year
of neat biodiesel system: (A) Hibiscus-Vernicia biodiesel in Ha Noi and (B) Pongamia
biodiesel in Quang Ninh.

distribution thus no revenue was reported in biodiesel production stage.
Fortunately, together with the oil extraction system, the extended biodiesel
production plant, starting from vegetable crude oil extraction to final bio-
diesel production, could result in substantial revenue of the entire biodiesel
system in Ha Noi, even four times higher than in Quang Ninh (Fig. 6.5).
In consideration of the entire biodiesel system, attention should be paid
to the difference in revenue between agricultural and biodiesel production
stages. Since these two stages both play important roles in current and future
development of every biodiesel system, an equal revenue distribution of all
biodiesel life cycle chains needs to be taken into account. Either mutual
cooperation between agricultural practitioners and biodiesel production
practitioners, or the formation of cooperation that can operate the main
chains in the biodiesel life cycle from feedstock cultivation to biodiesel pro-
duction could be possible solutions.
In this study, the results on impacts of biodiesel life cycle systems on
human health, ecosystem quality, and net carbon dioxide and their eco-
nomic incentives are in accordance with previous studies in life cycle assess-
ment of various biodiesel systems. For instance, Achten (2010) noted that
due to fertilizer use, jatropha and palm plantation had a high burden on eco-
system quality in terms of increasing terrestrial acidification and eutrophica-
tion. Moreover, the decrease in global warming potential given by net CO 2
reduction was also recorded. The study also confirmed the profitmaking
potential of marginal land conversion in biodiesel feedstock cultivation.