Page 269 - Biomedical Engineering and Design Handbook Volume 2, Applications
P. 269
DESIGN OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE SYSTEMS 247
79. Saunders, R. D. and H. Smith, 1984, “Safety aspects of NMR clinical imaging,” Br. Med. Bull., 40(2):148–154.
80. Shellock, F. G., D. J. Schaefer, W. Grunfest, and J. V. Crues, 1987, “Thermal effects of high-field (1. 5
Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging of the spine: clinical experience above a specific absorption rate of 0.
4 W/kg,” Acta Radiol., 369:514–516.
81. Shellock, F. G. and J. V. Crues, 1987, “Temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure changes associated with
clinical magnetic resonance imaging at 1. 5 Tesla,” Radiology, 163:259–262.
82. Shellock, F. G., 1989, “Biological effects and safety aspects of magnetic resonance imaging,” Magn.
Reson. Q., 5(4):243–261.
83. Shellock, F. G., D. J. Schaefer, and J. V. Crues, 1990, “Alterations in body and skin temperatures caused
by MR imaging: is the recommended exposure for radiofrequency radiation too conservative,” Br. J.
Radiol., 62:904–909.
84. Smith, D. A., S. K. Clarren, and M. A. S. Harvey, 1978, “Hyperthermia as a possible teratogenic agent,”
Pediatrics, 92(6):878–883.
85. Boesigner, P., R. Buchli, M. Saner, and D. Meier, 1992, “An overview of electromagnetic safety consider-
ations associated with magnetic resonance imaging,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 649:160–165.
86. Edelstein, W. A., C. J. Hardy, and O. M. Mueller, 1986, “Electronic decoupling of surface-coil receivers
for NMR imaging and spectroscopy,” J. Magn. Reson., 67:156–161.
87. Haase, A., 1985, “A new method for the decoupling of multiple NMR probes,” J. Magn. Reson.,
61:130–136.
88. Hayes, C. E., W. A. Edelstein, J. F. Schenck, O. M. Mueller, and M. Eash, 1985, “An efficient, highly
homogeneous radiofrequency coil for whole-body NMR imaging at 1. 5 T,” J. Magn. Reson., 63:622–628.
89. Schenck, J. F., 1993, “Radiofrequency Coils: Types and Characteristics,” In: The American Association of
Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Monograph No. 21: The Physics of MRI, P. Sprawls and M. Bronskill,
eds., American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 98–134.
90. Schenck, J. F., E. B. Boskamp, D. J. Schaefer, W. D. Barber, and R. H. Vander Heiden, 1998, Estimating
Local SAR Produced by RF Transmitter Coils: Examples Using the Birdcage Coil, Abstracts of the
International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 6th Meeting, Sydney, Australia, p. 649.
91. Edelstein, W. A., T. H. Foster, and J. F. Schenck, 1985, The Relative Sensitivity of Surface Coils to
Deep Lying Tissues, Abstracts of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Berkeley,
pp. 964–965.
92. IEC 60601-1-1, Medical Electrical Equipment—Part 1: General Requirements for Safety; Safety
Requirements for Medical Electrical Systems, 1992-06, Amendment 1, 1995-11 (General), International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)*, 3, rue de Varembé, P. O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland,
(in the United States, copies of this standard can be obtained from the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 11 West 42 nd Street, New York, NY 10036).
93. Roemer, P. B., W. A. Edelstein, C. E. Hayes, S. P. Souza, and O. M. Muller, 1990, “The NMR phased-
array,” Magn. Reson. Med., 16:192–225.
94. Ginefri, J. C., L. Darrasse, and P. Crozat, 2001, “High-temperature superconducting surface coil for in vivo
microimaging of the human skin,” Magn. Reson. Med., 45(3):376–382.
95. Carlson, J. W., 1987, “An algorithm for NMR imaging reconstruction based on multiple RF receiver coils,”
J. Magn. Reson., 74:376–380.
96. Hutchinson, M. and U. Raff, 1988, “Fast MRI data acquisition using multiple detectors,” Magn. Reson.
Med., 6(1):87–91.
97. Kwiat, D., S. Einav, and G. Navon, 1991, “A decoupled coil detector array for fast image acquisition in
magnetic resonance imaging,” Med. Phys., 18(2):251–265.
98. Kelton, J. R., R. L. Magin, and S. M. Wright, 1989, “An algorithm for rapid image acquisition using mul-
tiple receiver coils,” Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, p. 1172.
99. Ra, J. B. and C. Y. Rim, 1993, “Fast imaging using subencoding data sets from multiple detectors,” Magn.
Reson. Med., 30(1):142–145.
100. Sodickson, D. K. and W. J. Manning, 1997, “Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH): fast
imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays,” Magn. Reson. Med., 38(4):591–603.
101. Pruessmann, K. P., M. Weiger, M. B. Scheidegger, and P. Boesiger, 1999, “SENSE: Sensitivity encoding
for fast MRI,” Magn. Reson. Med., 42(5):952–962.