Page 7 - Building A Succesful Board-Test Strategy

vi BUILDING A SUCCESSFUL BOARD-TEST STRATEGY

2.3.2 Shorts-and-Opens Testers 60
2.3.3 Manufacturing-Defects Analyzers 61
2.3.4 In-Circuit Testers 62
2.3.5 Bed-of-Nails Fixtures 68
2.3.6 Bed-of-Nails Probe Considerations 71
2.3.7 Opens Testing 76
2.3.8 Other Access Issues 79
2.3.9 Functional Testers 80
2.3.10 Functional Tester Architectures 83
2.3.11 Finding Faults with Functional Testers 88
2.3.12 Two Techniques, One Box 91
2.3.13 Hot-Mockup 92
2.3.14 Architectural Models 93
2.3.15 Other Options 96
2.4 Summary 96

Chapter 3 Inspection as Test 97
3.1 Striking a Balance 98
3.2 Post-Paste Inspection 101
3.3 Post-Placement/Post-Reflow 103
3.3.1 Manual Inspection 107
3.3.2 Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) 108
3.3.3 Design for Inspection 111
3.3.4 Infrared Inspection—A New Look at an Old Alternative 111
3.3.4.1 A New Solution 113
3.3.4.2 Predicting Future Failures 114
3.3.4.3 The Infrared Test Process 115
3.3.4.4 No Good Deed ... 116
3.3.5 The New Jerusalem?—X-Ray Inspection 117
3.3.5.1 A Catalog of Techniques 121
3.3.5.2 X-Ray Imaging 122
3.3.5.3 Analyzing Ball-Grid Arrays 124
3.4 Summary 128

Chapter 4 Guidelines for a Cost-Effective "Test" Operation 129

4.1 Define Test Requirements 129
4.2 Is Automatic Test or Inspection Equipment Necessary? 133
4.3 Evaluate Test and Inspection Options 134
4.4 The Make-or-Buy Decision 137
4.5 Getting Ready 138
4.6 Programming—Another Make-or-Buy Decision 140
4.7 The Test Site 143
4.8 Training 144
4.9 Putting It All in Place 145