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                      Coiled-CNT [58] Spandex/CNT  Coiled-CNT/ Coiled-CNT  Twisted-CNT/ Coiled-CNT/  [47] rubber [52]  [46] paraffin [59]  wax [20]  Electric heating  Organic   Ethanol   Heating  Electric  Electrochemistry  solvent   absorption  heating  absorption  Room  Dry to wet  Dry to wet  30–70°C  80–210°C  3.25  temperature—  70°C  Ai





               Examples of CNT yarn-based actuators [46].  Twisted-CNT   Twisted-CNT [44]  Electrochemistry  Electricity  V  2   0–5mA  Electrolyte Air, olvents,   electrolyte  1 (at 88  MPa)  88 (at 1%)  1.1  kJ/kg >430 kJ/m 3  920  1  250


















               Table 11.1   [49]  Property  Stimulus  Amplitude of   stimulus  Media  2 Output Strain   (%)  10 Output Stress   (MPa)  Work density  − Power density   (W/kg)  − Output strain   rate (%/s)  − T orsional   stroke   (degree/  mm)
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