Page 90 - Carbonate Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy

CHAPTER 5: RHYTHMS AND EVENTS IN CARBONATE STRATIGRAPHY 81

A) climate modes icehouse greenhouse icehouse greenhouse ice
(Fischer, 1981) Fig. 5.9.— Long oscilla-
and eustasy C O S D C P Tr J K Pg Mio tions observed in the Pha-
(Hallam, 1977; 600 nerozoic sediment record
Vail et al.; 1977 in and their proposed inter-
red) 400
pretations. Figs A - D
200 present an internally con-
sistent pattern of an oscil-
0
lation with about 300 My
period that affects climate,
100
B) magmatic activity sea-level and the miner-
(after Engel & Engel 80 alogy of carbonates and
in Fischer, 1981) Granite Plutons 60 evaporites; the oscillation
40 relative abundancce of granite plutons is in phase with magmatic
activity and with postulated
20 changes in the rates of
500 Time (My) 300 200 100
0 plate motion. Figs E –
C) modeled Mg/Ca ratio of C O S D M P Pm Tr J K Pg Ng 5 F indicate an oscillation
sea water (Hardie, 1996)
of about 135 My period
4 that approximately corre-
Mg/Ca mole ratio
Mg/Ca 3 lates with a celestial driver.
Compiled from references
arag. + magnesian calcite shown in the left column.
calcite 2
1
500 400 300 200 100
0
D) observed carbonate
mineralogy (Sandberg, 1983) a ? calcite sea aragonite sea ? calcite sea ? a
modeled carbonate a calcite aragonite calcite a
mineralogy (Hardie, 1996)
observed evaporite MgSO4
? KCl evaporites MgSO ? KCl evaporites m
4
mineralogy (Hardie, 1996)
E) low latitude sea -2 warm warm warm warm
Detrended calcite δ18O (‰ PDB) 0 90 Palaeolatitude (° )
surface temperature
+ ice records
(Veizer et al., 2000)

60
2
(scale on the right)
Tr
C O S D C Pm paleolatitude of ice-rafted debris 30
K
J
Ng
Pg
500 400 300 200 100 0
F) temperature 2 temperature
record and fluctuation as in E)
cosmic ray
flux (Shaviv and
∆T [°C] 2
Veizer, 2003)
-2
temperature
fluctuation estimated
from cosmic ray flux
500 400 300 t [My] 200 100 0