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CORROSION CONTROL OF BRIDGES 223

engineers and scientists that provide corrosion control services may be extrapolated.
In 1998, NACE membership was about 16,000; 25% of those are providing consult-
ing and engineering service both externally and internally. Assume that the average
revenue generated by each is $300,000. This amount includes salary, overhead, and
benefits for the NACE member, as well as the cost to persons who are nonmembers
involved in performing corrosion control activities. The total control services cost
can be estimated as $1.20 billion. This figure is a conservative estimate as not all
engineers involved in corrosion control are NACE members.

4.8 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Over the past few decades, less funding has been made available for corrosion
research and development. This is significant in light of the cost and inconvenience
of dealing with leaking and exploding underground pipelines, bursting water mains,
corroding storage tanks, and aging aircraft. In fact, several government and corporate
research laboratories have significantly reduced their corrosion research capabilities
or have even closed down. Moreover, research and development funding has been
reduced by both government and private agencies.
Corrosion research may be divided into academic and corporate research. Accord-
ing to NACE International, there are 114 professors performing corrosion research
with a total annual budget of less than $20 million.

4.9 CORROSION CONTROL OF BRIDGES

The methods utilized for corrosion control on bridges are specific to the type of
bridge construction and whether its intended use is for new construction or main-
tenance/rehabilitation of existing structures. The present discussion is focused on the
following:

1. Conventional reinforced concrete
2. Prestressed concrete
3. Steel.

In the present discussion, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete corrosion
control methods are combined. Although prestressed concrete bridges have special
concerns such as anchorage in both posttensioned and pretensioned structures and
ducts for post-tensioned structures, the general corrosion control methods are appli-
cable to both prestressed and conventional reinforced bridges.

4.9.1 Reinforced Concrete Bridges
Conventional reinforced concrete bridges refer to those with superstructures made
of reinforced concrete. In general, prestressed concrete and steel bridges will have