Page 10 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design
P. 10
CONTENTS Vi
Compressibiiity-Permeability (CP) Cell Tray Efficiencies 397
Measurements 314 13.8. Absorption Factor Shortcut Method of Edmister 398
Another Form of Pressure Dependence 315 13.9. Separations in Packed Towers 398
Pretreatment of Slurries 315 Mass Transfer Coefficients 399
11.4. Thickening and Clarifying 315 Distillation 401
11.5. Laboratory Testing and Scale-Up 317 Absorption or Stripping 401
Compression-Permeability Cell 31 7 13.10. Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent
The SCFT Concept 31 7 Separations 404
Scale-up 318 Specifications 405
11.6. Illustrations of Equipment 318 The MESH Equations 405
11.7. Applications and Performance of Equipment 320 The Wang-Henke Bubblepoint Method 408
References 334 The SR (Sum-Rates) Method 409
SC (Simultaneous Correction) Method 410
13.11. Special Kinds of Distillation Processes 410
CHAPTER 12 DISINTEGRATION, Petroleum Fractionation 41 1
AGGLOMERATION, AND SIZE SEPARATION OF Extractive Distillation 412
PARTICULATE SOLIDS 335 Azeotropic Distillation 420
12.1. Screening 335 Molecular Distillation 425
Revolving Screens or Trommels 335 13.12. Tray Towers 426
Capacity of Screens 335 Countercurrent Trays 426
12.2. Classification with Streams of Air or Water 337 Sieve Trays 428
Air Classifiers 337 Valve Trays 429
Wet Classifiers 339 Bubblecap Trays 431
12.3. Size Reduction 339 13.13. Packed Towers 433
12.4. Equipment for Size Reduction 341 Kinds of Packings 433
Crushers 341 Flooding and Allowable Loads 433
Roll Crushers 341 Liquid Distribution 439
12.5. Particle Size Enlargement 351 Liquid Holdup 439
Tumblers 351 Pressure Drop 439
Roll Compacting and Briquetting 354 13.14. Efficiencies of Trays and Packings 439
Tabletting 357 Trays 439
Extrusion Processes 358 Packed Towers 442
Prilling 361 References 456
Fluidized and Spouted Beds 362
Sintering and Cmshing 363 CHAPTER 14 EXTRACTION AND LEACHING 459
References 370 14.1. Equilibrium Relations 459
14.2. Calculation of Stage Requirements 463
CHAPTER 13 DISTILLATION AND GAS Single Stage Extraction 463
ABSORPTION 371 Crosscurrent Extraction 464
13.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 371 Immiscible Solvents 464
Relative Volatility 374 14.3. Countercurrent Operation 466
Binary x-y Diagrams 375 Minimum Solvent/Feed Ratio 468
13.2. Single-Stage Flash Calculations 375 Extract Reflux 468
Bubblepoint Temperature and Pressure 376 Minimum Reflux 469
Dewpoint Temperature and Pressure 377 Minimum Stages 469
Flash at Fixed Temperature and Pressure 377 14.4. Leaching of Solids 470
Flash at Fixed Enthalpy and Pressure 377 14.5. Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent
Equilibria with Ks Dependent on Composition 377 Extraction 473
13.3. Evaporation or Simple Distillation 378 Initial Estimates 473
Multicomponent Mixtures 379 Procedure 473
13.4. Binary Distillation 379 14.6. Equipment for Extraction 476
Material and Einergy Balances 380 Choice of Disperse Phase 476
Constant Molal Overflow 380 Mixer-Settlers 477
Basic Distillation Problem 382 Spray Towers 478
Unequal Molal Heats of Vaporization 382 Packed Towers 478
Material and Energy Balance Basis 382 Sieve Tray Towers 483
Algebraic Method 382 Pulsed Packed and Sieve Tray Towers 483
13.5. Batch Distillation 390 Reciprocating Tray Towers 485
Material Balaaces 391 Rotating Disk Contactor (RDC) 485
13.6. Multicomponent Separation: Gener a1 I Other Rotary Agitated Towers 485
Considerations 393 Other Kinds of Extractors 487
Sequencing of Columns 393 Leaching Equipment 488
Number of Free Variables 395 References 493
13.7. Estimation of Reflux and Number of Trays (Fenske-
Underwood-Gillliland Method) 395 CHAPTER 15 ADSORPTION AND ION
Minimum Trays 395 EXCHANGE 495
Distribution of Nonkeys 395
Minimum Reflux 397 15.1. Adsorption Equilibria 495
Operating Reflux 397 15.2. Ion Exchange Equilibria 497
Actual Number of Theoretical Trays 397 15.3. Adsorption Behavior in Packed Beds 500
Feed Tray Location 397 Regeneration 504
