Page 9 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design
P. 9
vi CONTENTS
Efficiency 259 Refractories 221
Temperature Rise, Compression Ratio, Volumetric 8.13. Refrigeration 224
Efficiency 259 Compression Refrigeration 224
7.7. Ejector and Vacuum Systems 162 Refrigerants 226
Ejector Arrangements 262 Absorption Refrigeration 229
Air Leakage 164 Cryogenics 229
Steam Consumption 165 References 229
Ejector Theory 166
Glossary for Chapter 7 266 9 DRYERS AND COOLING TOWERS 232
References 267
9.1. Interaction of Air and Water 232
9.2. Rate of Drying 234
CHAPTER 8 HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT Laboratory and Pilot Plant Testing 237
EXCHANGERS 269 9.3. Classification and General Characteristics of
8.1. Conduction of Heat 169 Dryers 237
Thermal Conductivity 269 Products 240
Hollow Cylinder 170 Costs 240
Composite Walls 270 Specification Forms 240
Fluid Films 2 70 9.4. Batch Dryers 242
8.2. Mean Temperature Difference 172 9.5. Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers 242
Single Pass Exchanger 172 9.6. Rotary Cylindrical Dryers 247
Multipass Exchangers 2 73 9.7. Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries 254
F-Method 173 9.8. Pneumatic Conveying Dryers 255
&Method 179 9.9. Fluidized Bed Dryers 262
Selection of Shell-and-Tube Numbers of Passes 179 9.10. Spray Dryers 268
Example 179 Atomization 276
8.3. Heat Transfer Coefficients 179 Applications 276
Overall Coefficients 280 Thermal Efficiency 276
Fouling Factors 280 Design 276
Individual Film Coefficients 380 9.11. Theory of Air-Water Interaction in Packed
Metal Wall Resistance 282 Towers 277
Dimensionless Groups 182 Tower Height 279
8.4. Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients 282 9.12. Cooling Towers 280
Direct Contact of Hot and Cold Streams 285 Water Factors 285
Natural Convection 286 Testing and Acceptance 285
Forced Convection 286 References 285
Condensation 187
Boiling 287
Extended Surfaces 188 CHAPTER 10 MIXING AND AGITATION 287
8.5. Pressure Drop in Heat Exchangers 188 10.1. A Basic Stirred Tank Design 287
8.6. Types of Heat Exchangers 188 The Vessel 287
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers 189 Baffles 287
Spiral Heat Exchangers 194 Draft Tubes 287
Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers 294 Impeller Types 287
Air Coolers 194 Impeller Size 287
Double Pipes 195 Impeller Speed 288
8.7. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 195 Impeller Location 288
Construction 195 10.2. Kinds of Impellers 288
Advantages 299 10.3. Characterization of Mixing Quality 290
Tube Side or Shell Side 199 10.4. Power Consumption and Pumping Rate 292
Design of a Heat Exchanger 299 10.5. Suspension of Solids 295
Tentative Design 200 10.6. Gas Dispersion 296
8.8. Condensers 200 Spargers 296
Condenser Configurations 204 Mass Transfer 297
Design Calculation Method 205 System Design 297
The Silver-Bell-Ghaly Method 206 Minimum Power 297
8.9. Reboilers 206 Power Consumption of Gassed Liquids 297
Kettle Reboilers 207 Superficial Liquid Velocity 297
Horizontal Shell Side Thermosiphons 207 Design Procedures 297
Vertical Thermosiphons 207 10.7. In-Line-Blenders and Mixers 300
Forced Circulation Reboilers 208 10.8. Mixing of Powders and Pastes 302
Calculation Procedures 208 References 304
8.10. Evaporators 208
Thermal Economy 210
Surface Requirements 211 CHAPTER 11 SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION 305
8.11. Fired Heaters 232
Description of Equipment 211 11.1. Processes and Equipment 305
Heat Transfer 213 11.2. Theory of Filtration 306
Design of Fired Heaters 224 Compressible Cakes 310
8.12. Insulation of Equipment 219 11.3. Resistance to Filtration 313
Low Temperatures 221 Filter Medium 323
Medium Temperatures 221 Cake Resistivity 313
