Page 8 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design

Contents

LIST OF EXAMPLES ix CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER OF SOLIDS 69

PREFACE xi 5.1. Slurry Transport 69
5.2. Pneumatic Conveying 71
RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY xiii Equipment 72
Operating Conditions 73
Power Consumption and Pressure Drop 74
5.3. Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators 76
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Properties of Materials Handled 76
1.1. Process Design 1 Screw Conveyors 76
1.2. Equipment I Belt Conveyors 76
Vendors' Questionnaires 1 Bucket Elevators and Carriers 78
Specification Forms 1 Continuous Flow Conveyor Elevators 82
1.3. Categories of Engineering Practice 1 5.4. Solids Feeders 83
1.4. Sources of Information for Process Design 2 References 88
1.5. Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices 2
1.6. Material and Energy Balances 3
1.7. Econornic Balance 4 CHAPTER 6 FLOW OF FLUIDS 91
1.8. Safety Factors 6
1.9. Safety of Plant and Environment 7 6.1. Properties and Units 91
1.10. Steam and Power Supply 9 6.2. Energy Balance of a Flowing Fluid 92
1.11. Design Basis 12 6.3. Liquids 94
Fittings and Valves 95
Utilities 12
1.12. Laboratory and Pilot Plant Work 12 Orifices 95
References 15 Power Requirements 98
6.4. Pipeline Networks 98
6.5. Optimum Pipe Diameter 100
6.6. Non-Newtonian Liquids 100
CHAPTER 2 FLOWSHEETS 19
Viscosity Behavior 100
2.1. Block Flowsheets 19 Pipeline Design 106
2.2. Process Flowsheets 19 6.7. Gases 109
2.3. Mechanical (P&I) Flowsheets 14' Isentropic Flow 109
2.4. Utility Flowsheets 19 Isothermal Flow in Uniform Ducts 110
2.5. Drawing of Flowsheets 20 Adiabatic Flow 110
References 31 Nonideal Gases 11 2
Appenldix 2.1 Descriptions of Example Process 6.8. Liquid-Gas Flow in Pipelines 111
Flowsheets 33 Homogeneous Model 113
Separated Flow Models 114
Other Aspects 114
CHAPTER 3 PROCESS CONTROL 39 6.9. Granular and Packed Beds 117
Single Phase Fluids 117
3.1. Feedback Control 39 Two-Phase Flow 118
SYnlbOl5 39 6.10. Gas-Solid Transfer 119
Cascade (Reset) Control 42 Choking Velocity 119
3.2. Individual Process Variables 42 Pressure Drop 119
Temperature 42 6.11. Fluidization of Beds of Particles with Gases 120
Pressure 42 Characteristics of Fluidization 123
Level of Liquid 43 Sizing Equipment 123
Flow Rate 43 References 127
Flow of Solids 43
Flow Ratio 43
Composition 43 CHAPTER 7 FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT 129
3.5. Equipment Control 43
Heat Transfer Equipment 44 7.1. Piping 129
Distillation Equipment 47 Valves 129
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Towers 50 Control Valves 129
Chemical Reactors 53 7.2. PumpTheory 131
Liquid Pumps 55 Basic Relations 131
Solids Feeders 55 Pumping Systems 133
Compressors 55 7.3. Pump Characteristics 134
References 60 7.4. Criteria for Selection of Pumps 140
7.5. Equipment for Gas Transport 143
Fans 143
CHAPTER 4 DRIVERS FOR MOVING Compressors 145
EQUIPMENT 61 Centrifugals 145
Axial Flow Compressors 146
4.1. Motors 61 Reciprocating Compressors 146
Induction 63 Rotary Compressors 149
Synchronous 61 7.6. Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression 153
Direct Current 61 Dimensionless Groups 153
4.2. Steam 'Turbines and Gas Expanders 62 Ideal Gases 153
4.3. Combuetion Gas Turbines and Engines 65 Real Processes and Gases 156
References 68 Work on Nonideal Gases 156