Page 11 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design
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Viii CONTENTS
15.4. Adsorption Design and Operating Practices 504 Homogeneous Liquid Reactions 595
15.5. Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices 506 Liquid-Liquid Reactions 595
Electrodialysis 508 Gas-Liquid Reactions 595
15.6. Production Scale Chromatography 510 Noncatalytic Reactions with Solids 595
15.7. Equipment and Processes 510 Fluidized Beds of Noncatalytic Solids 595
Gas Adsorption 511 Circulating Gas or Solids 596
Liquid Phase Adsorption 513 Fixed Bed Solid Catalysis 596
Ion Exchange 517 Fluidized Bed Catalysis 601
Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrodialysis 51 7 Gas-Liquid Reactions with Solid Catalysts 604
Chromatographic Equipment 520 References 609
References 522
CHAPTER 18 PROCESS VESSELS 611
CHAPTER 16 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLU’I ‘IONS 18.1. Drums 611
AND MELTS 523 18.2. Fractionator Reflux Drums 612
18.3. Liquid-Liquid Separators 612
16.1. Solubilities and Equilibria 523 Coalescence 613
Phase Diagrams 523 Other Methods 613
Enthalpy Balances 524 18.4. Gas-Liquid Separators 613
16.2. Crystal Size Distribution 52.5 Droplet Sizes 613
16.3. The Process of Crystallization 528 Rate of Settling 614
Conditions of Precipitation 528 Empty Drums 615
Supersaturation 528 Wire Mesh Pad Deentrainers 615
Growth Rates 530 18.5. Cyclone Separators 616
16.4. The Ideal Stirred Tank 533 18.6. Storage Tanks 619
Multiple Stirred Tanks in Series 536 18.7. Mechanical Design of Process Vessels 621
Applicability of the CSTC Model 536 Design Pressure and Temperature 623
16.5. Kinds of Crystalkers 537 Shells and Heads 624
16.6. Melt Crystallization and Purification 543 Formulas for Strength Calculations 624
Multistage Processing 543 References 629
The Metallwerk Buchs Process 543
Purification Processes 543 CHAPTER 19 OTHER TOPICS 631
References 548
19.1. Membrane Processes 631
Membranes 632
CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTORS 549 Equipment Configurations 632
Applications 632
17.1. Design Basis and Space Velocity 549 Gas Permeation 633
Design Basis 549 19.2. Foam Separation and Froth Flotation 635
Reaction Times 549 Foam Fractionation 635
17.2. Rate Equations and Operating Modes 549 Froth Flotation 636
17.3. Material and Energy Balances of Reactors 555 19.3. Sublimation and Freeze Drying 638
17.4. Nonideal Flow Patterns 556 Equipment 639
Residence Time Distribution 556 Freeze Drying 639
Conversion in Segregated and Maximum Mixed 19.4. Parametric Pumping 639
Flows 560 19.5. Separations by Thermal Diffusion 642
Conversion in Segregated Flow and CSTR 19.6. Electrochemical Syntheses 645
Batteries 560 Electrochemical Reactions 646
Dispersion Model 560 Fuelcells 646
Laminar and Related Flow Patterns 561 Cells for Synthesis of Chemicals 648
17.5. Selection of Catalysts 562 19.7. Fermentation Processing 648
Heterogeneous Catalysts 562 Processing 650
Kinds of Catalysts 563 Operating Conditions 650
Kinds of Catalyzed Organic Reactions 563 Reactors 654
Physical Characteristics of Solid Catalysts 564 References 660
Catalyst Effectiveness 565
17.6. Types and Examples of Reactors 567 CHAPTER 20 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL
Stirred Tanks 567 EQUIPMENT 663
Tubular Flow Reactors 569
Gas-Liquid Reactions 571 References 669
Fixed Bed Reactors 572
Moving Beds 574 APPENDIX A UNITS, NOTATION, AND
Kilns and Hearth Furnaces 575 GENERAL DATA 671
Fluidized Bed Reactors 579
17.7. Heat Transfer in Reactors 582
Stirred Tanks 586 APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATI( 3N
Packed Bed Thermal Conductivity 587 FORMS 681
Heat Transfer Coefficient at Walls, to Particles, and
Overall 587 APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES OF EQl J I P M E N T
Fluidized Beds 589 SUPPLIERS 727
17.8. Classes of Reaction Processes and Their Equipment 592
Homogeneous Gas Reactions 592 INDEX 747
