Page 40 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design

REFERENCES 15
TABLE 1.9. Typical Utility Characteristics
_-
Steam Electricity
Pressure (psig) Saturation (“F) Superheat (“F) Driver HP Voltage
-
15-30 250-275 1-100 220,440, 550
150 366 75-250 440
400 448 200-2500 2300,4000
600 488 100-1 50 Above 2500 4000, 13,200
___
-- Heat Transfer Fluids
“F Fluid
Below 600 petroleum oils processes often demands more or less extensive pilot plant effort.
Below 750 Dowttherm and others This point is stressed by specialists and manufacturers of equipment
Below 11 00 fused salts
Above 450 direct firing and electrical heating who are asked to provide performance guaranties. For instance,
- answers to equipment suppliers’ questionnaires like those of
Refrigerants Appendix C may require the potential purchaser to have performed
certain tests. Some of the more obvious areas definitely requiring
“F Fluid
test work are filtration, sedimentation, spray, or fluidized bed or
any other kind of solids drying, extrusion pelleting, pneumatic and
40-80 chilled water
0-50 chilled brine arid glycol solutions slurry conveying, adsorption, and others. Even in such thoroughly
-50-40 ammonia, freons, butane researched areas as vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid separations,
-1 50-50 ethane or propane rates, equilibria, and efficiencies may need to be tested, particularly
-350--150 methane, air, nitrogen of complex mixtures. A great deal can be found out, for instance,
-400--300 hydrogen by a batch distillation of a complex mixture.
Below -400 helium In some areas, suppliers make available small scale equipment
that can be used to explore suitable ranges of operating conditions,
Cooling Water or they may do the work themselves with benefit of their extensive
experience. One engineer in the extrusion pelleting field claims that
S~pply at 80-90°F
Return at 115°F. with 125°F maximum merely feeling the stuff between his fingers enables him to properly
Return at 170°F (salt water) specify equipment because of his experience of 25 years with
Return above 126°F (tempered water or steam condensate) extrusion.
Suitable test procedures often are supplied with “canned” pilot
Cooling Air plants. In general, pilot plant experimentation is a profession in
itself, and the more sophistication brought to bear on it the more
Supply at 85-95°F efficiently can the work be done. In some areas the basic relations
Temperature approach to process, 40°F are known so well that experimentation suffices to evaluate a few
Power input, 20 HP/1000 sqft of bare surface
parameters in a mathematical model. This is not the book to treat
the subject of experimentation, but the literature is extensive.
Fuel
These books may be helpful to start:
Gas: 5-10 psig, up to 25 psig for some types of burners, pipeline gas at
1000 Btu/SCF
Liquid: at 6 million Btu/barael 1. R.E. Johnstone and M.W. Thring, Pilot Plants, Models and
Scale-up Methods in Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New
Compressed Air York, 1957.
- 2. D.G. Jordan, Chemical Pilot Plant Practice, Wiley-Interscience,
Pressure levels of 45, 150, 300, 450 psig
New York, 1955.
3. V. Kafarov, Cybernetic Methods in Chemistry and Chemical
instrument Air
Engineering, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1976.
45 psig, 0°F dewpoint 4. E.B. Wilson, An Introduction to Scient@c Research, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1952.

REFERENCES McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984; earlier editions have not been obsolesced
entirely.
7.1. Process Design 4. Sinnott, Coulson, and Richardsons, Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6,
Design, Pergamon, New York, 1983.
. Books Essential to a Private Library
B. Other Books
I. Ludwig, Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petroleum Plants,
Gulf, Houston 1977-1983, 3 vols. 1. Aerstin and Street, Applied Chemical Process Design, Plenum, New
2. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 9th ed., York, 1978.
McGraw-hlill, New York, 1987. 2. Baasel, Preliminary Chemical Engineering Plant Design, Elsevier, New
3. Perry, Green, and Maloney, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, York, 1976.