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Preface xi
medium or network form rather than simply content or ‘text’. The sense in
which this distinction is made should not be confused with questions of
form versus the content of narrative, where content is what a text says, and
the form is how it says it. Rather, a non-textual distinction is being made
here. In doing so, a sociological appreciation of broadcast can be arrived at
rather than a media studies or cultural studies perspective, which is
invariably grounded exclusively in either behaviourist or linguistically
centred approaches to analysis. However, insofar as this book is ‘sociolog-
ical’, sociology is not being opposed to communication and media studies;
on the contrary, a central argument of the book is that emergence of new
communication environments has more or less forced traditional media
and communication studies to be sociological. For this reason the current
volume is very interdisciplinary (between communication, media and
sociology), but this has less to do with the perspective adopted than with
changes in how media are experienced.
These recent changes in media infrastructure have necessitated a shift
in the order in which communication theory is treated. For example,
information theory, which often prefigures semiotic analysis of media, is
introduced in the current textbook as instructive for the second media
age, where it more appropriately belongs with analyses of the Internet. In
fact, in seeing just how relevant information theory is to CMC rather than
broadcast, it is surprising how significantly it came to figure in studies of
broadcast in the first place. At the same time, the book tries to incorporate
most of the traditions of twentieth-century communication theory in
order to locate their relevance to studying the sociological complexities of
contemporary convergent communications.
Through this argument the distinction between medium and content,
media and messages, is persistently returned to. On the scaffold of these
distinctions the book also presents a central argument about the differ-
ence between communicative interaction and integration. With the aid of
recently emerging ‘ritual’ models of communication it is possible to
understand how the technical modes of association manifested in broad-
cast and interactive communication networks are constitutive of their
own modes of integration. Thus it is possible to identify media-constituted
communities in broadcast communities and so-called ‘virtual communi-
ties’, which is to argue that such networks do not so much ‘mediate’ inter-
action, as facilitate modes or levels of integration to which correspond
specific qualities of attachment and association. It is also to argue that
media-constituted communities aren’t merely a continuation of older
face-to-face or geographic communities by technical means (the media-
tion argument) but are rather constitutive of their own properties and
dynamics. Of course, such ‘levels’ of integration are not isolated but
co-exist, in ways which are outlined in successive chapters (particularly
Chapters 4 and 5). A third major theme that is explored is the urban and
economic context of media-constituted communities, the way in which
dependence on technical-communicative systems facilitates expanded