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Capital, Technology and the US in an 'Open Market' 189

22 United Artists K-1 Investments, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of
TCI.
23 In November 1991, Viacom initiated its withdrawal from the Primestar
Partnership.
24 State of New York v. Primestar Partners LP Complaint 93 Civ.
No.3868, p. 2.
25 Ibid., p. 17.
26 Ibid. As of 1991, the defendants held equity interests in fourteen of the
twenty largest programing services, including the. country's most and
third-most subscribed pay networks HBO and Cinemax (owned by
Time Warner), and the second and ftfth most subscribed pay services,
Showtime and The Movie Channel (owned by Viacom).
27 Ibid., p. 19.
28 Ibid., p. 21
29 Ibid, p. 22. In 1990, the defendants, through Tempo, also sought to
acquire two other DBS applicants - Direct Broadcast Satellite Corpora-
tion and DirectSat Corporation.
30 This legislation was promoted by copyright owners demanding compen-
sation for the retransmission by satellite companies of programing sent
to cable companies for the latter's exclusive redistribution. The resulting
Act legalized these unsolicited retransmissions but compelled the satel-
lite companies to pay fees to copyright owners.
31 Interview with Fritz Attaway.
32 These concerns, says Attaway, have slowed the growth of pay-per-view
services. Ibid.
33 Karl P. Sauvant, International Transactions in Services (Boulder, Col.:
Westview :Press, 1986) pp. 88-9. Also, interview with John McKee.
34 Cynthia Ritchie, 'Prime Focus: DirecTV,' Cable and Satellite Europe
116 (August 1993) 30.
35 Interview with John McKee.
36 See Simon Twiston Davies, 'Mandarin Will Be Plum,' Cable and Satel-
lite Europe, 117 (September 1993) 20--1 In India, as of 1993, Star TV
programs and ads primarily are targeted at upper-middle class consu-
mers who receive signals directly or through one of approximately
14,000 private local cable operators. Star TV signals are entering Indian
homes at a growth rate of 10,000 each day. As of 1996, approximately
11 million households subscribed to Star TV services throughout its
footprint area. Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2000, this
number will increase to 60 million. Asoka Raina, 'Star-struck,' Cable
and Satellite Europe, 112 (April 1993) 42 and 44; and 'Hanging on a
Brighter Star,' Cable and Satellite Europe, 150 (June 1996) 80.
37 Joseph Man Chan, 'Media Internationalization in China: Processes and
Tensions,' Journal of Communication, 44 (3) (Summer 1994) 82.
38 Brownlee quoted in Scott Chase, 'Horses for Courses,' Cable and Satel-
lite Europe, 109 (January 1993) 30.
39 Murray quoted in Margaret Scott, 'Dishing the Rules,' Far Eastern
Economic Review, 148 (24) (14 June 1990) 35.
40 Interview with Jean Pruitt.