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190 Communication, Commerce and Power

41 Barry Flynn, 'The Scramble for Europe,' Cable and Satellite Europe, ll8
(October 1993) 48. Joseph Man Chan, 'National Responses and Acces-
sibility to Star TV in Asia,' Journal of Communication, 44 (3) (Summer
1994) 120.
42 A study by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) predicts a con-
version time of at least five years, costing local broadcast stations at
least $5 million each. Johnson and Castleman, Direct Broadcast Satel-
lites, p. 36, fn.36. As at least one study recognizes, 'cable systems and
broadcasting stations will provide only patchwork coverage for HDTV
during its early years. Depending on the sales growth of HDTV recei-
vers, the emergence of HDTV could provide an additional impetus to
market penetration by DBS systems, and vice versa' (ibid, p. 36).
Because HDTV television sets generally will have the built-in capacity
to receive digital signals without the need for conversion equipment, the
widespread adoption of DBS could itself become a core stimulant to its
rapid deployment.
43 Vincent Porter, 'Film and Television in the Single European Market' in
Journal of Media Law & Practice, 13 (1) (1992) 149.
44 Hills, The Democracy Gap, p. 99.
45 See Bortnick, 'International Telecommunications and Information Pol-
icy,' esp. p. 23.
46 US Department of Commerce, 'NTIA Telecom 2000,' pp. 278-80.
47 Vincent Porter, 'Film and Television in the Single European Market,'
p. 149.
48 See 'Yes It Was a Fudge,' Cable and Satellite Europe, 92 (August 1991)
42. Also, Simon Baker, 'An Audible Sigh of Relief,' Cable and Satellite
Europe, 98 (February 1992) 42.
49 Study cited in Porter, 'Film and Television in the Single European
Market,' p. 150.
50 Ibid.
51 Philip Carse and Mark Shurmer, 'Why the US Standard Will Have the
Clearest "Market Focus",' InterMedia, 21 (2) (March-April 1993) 31.
52 David J. Schaefer and David Atkin, 'An Analysis of Policy Options for
High-Definition Television,' Telecommunications Policy, 15 (5) (October
1991) 412. It should be noted, however, that basic research underlying
HDTV has been supported by the US state indirectly through Cold War
military research allocations to private sector interests. President Bush's
budget in 1990 allocated $30 million directly to HDTV research through
the National Science Foundation. Additional funds have been allocated
through the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)
which is administered by the DoD. See Jarice Hanson, Thomas
J. Conroy and David Donnelly, 'Initiatives and Ownership, HDTV
and the Influence of Corporatism in the United States,' Communication
Research, 19 (6) (December 1992) 810--11.
53 Schaefer and Atkin, 'An Analysis of Policy Options for High-Definition
Television,' p. 411.
54 Various figures based on a range of assumptions are provided in Robert
B. Cohen and Kenneth Donow, Telecommunications Policy, High Defi-
nition Television, and US Competitiveness (Washington, DC: Economic