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4.6 Recommended Reading 145
4.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 146
Appendix 4A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories 151
Chapter 5 Internal Memory Technology 158
5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory 159
5.2 Error Correction 169
5.3 Advanced DRAM Organization 173
5.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 179
5.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 180
Chapter 6 External Memory 184
6.1 Magnetic Disk 185
6.2 RAID 194
6.3 Optical Memory 203
6.4 Magnetic Tape 210
6.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 212
6.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 214
Chapter 7 Input/Output 217
7.1 External Devices 219
7.2 I/O Modules 222
7.3 Programmed I/O 224
7.4 Interrupt-Driven I/O 228
7.5 Direct Memory Access 236
7.6 I/O Channels and Processors 242
7.7 The External Interface: FireWire and Infiniband 244
7.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 253
7.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 254
Chapter 8 Operating System Support 259
8.1 Operating System Overview 260
8.2 Scheduling 271
8.3 Memory Management 277
8.4 Pentium Memory Management 288
8.5 ARM Memory Management 293
8.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 298
8.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 299

PART THREE THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT 303
Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic 305
9.1 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) 306
9.2 Integer Representation 307
9.3 Integer Arithmetic 312
9.4 Floating-Point Representation 327
9.5 Floating-Point Arithmetic 334
9.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 342
9.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 344