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9. Benjamin (1950/1999).
10. The quotes are from Benjamin (1982/1999: 406 (compare also 839), 89 and 389).
11. Benjamin (1982/1999: 83).
12. Certeau (1974/1988: 95).
13. Certeau (1974/1988: 30).
14. Certeau (1974/1988: 174).
15. Foucault (1974/1979).
16. Benjamin (1982/1999: 541).
17. Gleber (1997: 67).
18. Benjamin (1982/1999: 10).
19. Benjamin (1982/1999: 21).
20. Benjamin (1982/1999: 442). See also Donald (1999: 44f) on flânerie as both urban practice and
critical method.
21. Massey (2005: 45ff; 48).
22. Fiske (1993); Hardt and Negri (2000).
23. Hall (1992).
24. Wolff (1985, 1990, 1993); Gilloch (1999); Parsons (1999).
25. Petro (1989 and 1997); Friedberg (1993); Gleber (1997); Wilson (1992); Nava (1996 and 1997).
26. Husz (2004); Lancaster (1995: 182).
27. Nava (1996 and 1997).
28. CentrumProfil 98.
29. Miller (1998) found 68.4 and 71.7 per cent of women in two British shopping centres and reports
that less than 5 per cent of all shopping was done by families, while single-person shopping
accounted for 65 and 68 per cent in the two centres.
30. Reekie (1992); Ganetz (2005).
31. The remainder of this section is based on Gustavsson (2002), who refers to official documents from
the Swedish state and Solna City.
32. Trägårdh (1999: 17, 35); Thörn (1999b: 432f, 441, 450, 455, 461).
33. Benjamin (1936/1999).
34. Klein (2000: 284).
35. Marshall (1950/1992); Murdock (1996 and 1999).
36. Williams (1958/1968: 301ff). The concept of ‘common culture’ became a buzzword in classical
cultural studies and was for instance applied to youth culture by Paul Willis (1990).
37. Williams (1958/1968: 319). Williams (1958/1968: 320) stresses that every ‘culture, while it is
being lived, is always in part unknown, in part unrealized’. This has clear affinities to the idea of
horizons of expectation and the lifeworld by Gadamer, Schütz and Habermas.
38. Williams (1962/1973: 120-3).
39. Williams (1962/1973: 127ff).
40. Williams (1962/1973: 138).
41. Habermas (1962/1989). The parallels between Habermas and Williams are analysed by Nieminen
(1997).
42. See for instance Turner (1994 and 2001), Donald (1999: 97ff), Amnå and Johannesson (1999),
Ilczuk (2001), Stevenson (2001), Couldry (2006) and Dahlgren (2006).

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