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6. Fornäs (1995a); Jensen (1998); Fornäs (2001a); Fornäs et al. (2002).
7. Hertel (1996/1997: 212f). For further elaborations on intermediality, see Lehtonen (2000), Fornäs
(2002a and b) and Rajewsky (2005).
8. Compare also the ideas of intertextuality developed by Julia Kristeva (1969/1986) and the forms
of transtextuality proposed by Gérard Genette (1982/1997).
9. Bolter and Grusin (1999).
10. In a lecture in Norrköping in 2003, French cinema scholar Roger Odin explored the complex
processes of remediation from (amateur and professional) photography to (home and feature) film
and from there to television (also influenced by radio), to video and to computer-based digital
disks. Odin differentiates between five levels of intermedial remediation: (1) contents, (2) stylistic
traits, (3) narrative and discursive structure, (4) historical influences, and (5) the pragmatics and
self-understanding of users and producers. On transformations of amateur film-making, see also
Odin (1998 and 1999).
CHAPTER 8 LAYERS OF TIME

1. Ganetz (2001b).
2. Castells (1996: 375).
3. Benjamin (1982/1999: 880, 883 and 211).
4. Benjamin (1982/1999: 473).
5. Benjamin (1950/1999: 247).
6. Benjamin (1950/1999: 248).
7. Benjamin (1982/1999: 474).
8. Benjamin (1982/1999: 447).
9. Ricoeur (1983/1984, 1984/1985, 1985/1988 and 2000/2004: 238ff).
10. Benjamin (1936/1999: 227).
11. Kittler (1986/1999: 2ff).
12. Benjamin (1982/1999: 544).
13. Latour (1991/1993: 46 and 48).
14. Benjamin (1982/1999: 471).
15. Benjamin (1982/1999: 861).
16. Benjamin (1982/1999: 388ff and 13).
17. Benjamin (1982/1999: 392).
18. Benjamin (1982/1999: 392 and 1950/1999: 252f). See also Fornäs (1995a: 19f) on the relation-
ship between modernity, the current period (in contrast to the distant past), the evasive present
moment (versus long-term structures) and the new (in opposition to tenacious traditions).
19. Thompson (1995) and Miller (1998).
20. Ricoeur (1983/1984: 75).
21. Ricoeur (1983/1984: 54).
22. Ricoeur (1985/1988: 104ff). In a similar way Ricoeur (2000/2004: 131f) later discerns an inter-
mediate level between individual and collective memory, consisting of the threefold attribution of
memory to oneself, to one’s close relations and to others, with which we enter into history.
23. Ricoeur (1985/1988: 109).
24. Ricoeur (1983/1984: 16).

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