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36. Bourdieu (1992/1996, 1993); Habermas (1981/1984, 1981/1987 and 1992/1996). The model is
partly inspired by John B. Thompson (1995: 12ff). Cf. also Fornäs (1995a: 72) and Couldry
(2000a).
37. Habermas (1992/1996: 147ff).
38. Habermas (1992/1996: 151ff).
39. Bourdieu (1980/1990: 124ff and 1997/2000: 172ff).
40. Bourdieu (1989/1996: xii and 1997/2000: 172ff).
41. Habermas (1981/1984); Austin (1962); Searle (1968).
42. Foucault (1976/1990: 94f).
43. Foucault (1976/1990: 95f).
44. Foucault (1997/2003: 265f).
45. Willis (1977).
46. Fornäs (1995a: 123–33) develops a multidimensional model of resistance along these lines. Scott
(1990: 198) presents another model, differentiating in one dimension between ‘the open, declared
forms of resistance, which attract most attention, and the disguised, low-profile, undeclared resist-
ance that constitutes the domain of infrapolitics’, and in another between material, status and ideo-
logical resistance.
47. Hall (1980: 136ff); see also Hall (1994).
48. Fiske (1987: 316; see also 1989 and 1993).
49. For external and internal criticisms of populism in cultural studies, see Curran (1990), McGuigan
(1992), Ferguson and Golding (1997), McRobbie (1997) and Grossberg (1998 and 2004). For
general overviews of trends in cultural studies, see Turner (1990/2003), Tudor (1999), Couldry
(2000b) and Storey (2003).
50. Williams (1958/1968).
51. Adorno (1966/1990: 93 and 294; see also 1963/1991 and 1970/1984).
52. Habermas (1981/1987: 391ff). Drawing on cultural studies and media reception research,
Habermas problematized his own earlier views as well as those of Adorno and Horkheimer.
53. Habermas (1992: 444f). See also Calhoun (1992) and Crossley and Roberts (2004).

CHAPTER 3 PRINT MEDIA
1. See also the statistics in Chapter 2 note 14 above. The figures for papers and for magazines do not
add up evenly since some people read both morning (71 per cent) and evening (31 per cent) papers,
and some consume both weeklies (28 per cent) and specialist magazines (16 per cent).
2. All information about newspapers, periodicals and books in the shopping centre is taken from arti-
cles of Camauër (2002), Ganetz and Lövgren (2002) and Ganetz (2002).
3. USK (2000: 8).
4. For an historical account, see Radway (1984 and 1997).
5. Both these book spaces are important to satisfy people’s love for reading: in 2004, 19 per cent of those
who had read a book in the preceding week had borrowed it from a public library, while 35 per cent
had bought it in a bookshop, 14 per cent had received it as a gift, and 10 per cent had borrowed it
from a friend or relative. The remaining modes of acquisition were through a book club (7 per cent),
in a kiosk or department store (4 per cent), via an Internet bookstore (2 per cent), at an antiquarian
bookshop (1 per cent), through a reading circle (1 per cent) and by other means (7 per cent). Adding