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55. Marcus (1986: 172).
56. The problem is not unique to the Passages project, and has been discussed in the growing body of
anthropological literature concerned with globalization and the cultures of late modernity; see for
instance Appadurai (1991) and Hannerz (1996).
57. Drotner (1996).
58. Gemzöe (2004: 51).
59. Cf. Appadurai (1986), Mauss (1925/1990), Thomas (1991), Marcus and Myers (1995).
60. Gemzöe (2004a).
61. Gemzöe (2004a).
62. Benjamin (1982/1999: 6).
63. Becker (2004).
64. Becker was responsible for the major part of the photographic documentation, with additional
photographs provided in particular by Fornäs and, at one point in the project, by several of our
informants. We had permission to photograph on the condition that the head of Solna Centre
could see and approve any pictures we wished to publish, which he did without reservation.
65. Benjamin (1936/1999: 230).
CHAPTER 2 CONSUMPTION AND COMMUNICATION
1. For example Appadurai (1986), Bowlby (1993), Douglas and Isherwood (1979/1996), Falk
(1994), Lash and Urry (1994), Lunt and Livingstone (1992), Lury (1996), McCracken
(1988/1990), Miller (1987, 1995 and 1998), Miller et al. (1998), Nava (1992) and Slater (1997).
2. Baudrillard (1972/1988) is one often cited example of the problematic tendency mentioned.
3. See for example McQuail (1983/1994: 49ff), Fiske (1982: 12ff), Wilden (1987), Carey
(1989/1992) and Hannerz (1990).
4. ‘Technology’ should here be understood in a broad sense. See McLuhan (1964/1987), Williams
(1974/1994), Kittler (1985/1990) and Thompson (1995).
5. Fornäs (2007).
6. See Williams (1974/1994) for a classical argument against technological determinism and the
model of base and superstructure.
7. Changes might be both extensions of symbolic communication to new material substrata (e.g. elec-
tric current, radio waves and electromagnetism), but also reductions as some material substrata (e.g.
stone and fire) have gradually been abandoned as means of communication.
8. The multimodality of symbolic modes is emphasized by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996) and
Lehtonen (2000).
9. Bolter and Grusin (1999). For an analysis of the continuously emerging media in terms of
metaphors like transparent ‘windows’ versus reflective ‘mirrors’, with ‘frames’ as a middle term, see
Bolter and Gromala (2003).
10. Bolter and Gromala (2003: 6, 26 and 42).
11. Bolter and Grusin (1999: 45); McLuhan (1964/1987: 8).
12. See Livingstone (2005a) and Dayan (2005), as well as the overview of lingustic terms in
Livingstone (2005c: 213ff).
13. This common-sense approach refers to the classical formulae from antiquity to Lasswell (1948) and
later theories of communication and cybernetics. Its implications for issues of power will be further