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01Consuming Media 10/4/07 11:17 am Page 199

discussed in the last chapter.
14. Drotner et al. (1996: 301ff).
15. The media mostly used by the Swedish population (aged nine to seventy-nine) on an average day
in 2004 were television (85 per cent), radio (73 per cent), morning papers (71 per cent), books (37
per cent), CD (35 per cent) and Internet (35 per cent), followed by evening papers (31 per cent),
weeklies (28 per cent), text-TV (26 per cent), specialist magazines (16 per cent), videos/DVDs (14
per cent), audio cassettes (5 per cent) and cinema (1 per cent), according to Nordicom-Sveriges
Mediebarometer 2004 (2005). In average daily use time, radio wins with 124 minutes, followed by
television’s 102 minutes. Then came daily papers (29’: morning 21’ + evening 8’), Internet (25’),
CD (22’), books (20’), magazines (14’: weekly 10’ + specialist 4’), video/DVD (11’), text-TV (2’)
and audio cassettes (2’). Total media time was 351 minutes, i.e. almost 6 hours (not adjusting for
double media use), divided into 42 per cent sound media, 33 per cent moving images, 18 per cent
print media and 7 per cent Internet.
16. Marx (1858/1993: 11ff).
17. Cf. Thompson (1990: 317).
18. Radway (1984: 213).
19. Morley (1992: 133, 165).
20. Morley (1992: 40).
21. Appadurai (1988).
22. Robertson (1995); Straubhaar (1996/1997: 284).
23. Ricoeur (1976: 45).
24. Ricoeur (1981: 143).
25. The term ‘structure of feeling’ derives from Raymond Williams (1961/1965).
26. Lasswell (1948); Shannon and Weaver (1949).
27. Jakobson (1958/1960). For literary reception theories of reading, see Warning (1975), Eco (1979),
Bürger (1979), Fish (1980), Brooks (1984), Iser (1984/1991) and Radway (1984). For media
reception studies, see Moores (1993), Ang (1996), Abercrombie and Longhurst (1998), Alasuutari
(1999), Bird (2003), SchrØder et al. (2003) and Livingstone (2005c).
28. Carey (1989/1992) is one of many proponents for a cultural or ‘ritual’ view of communication, as
opposed to a transmission view.
29. Hall (1980: 130).
30. Williams (1961/1965).
31. Nick Crossley is one of the very few who have made a cross-reading of Bourdieu and Habermas,
for instance in Crossley and Roberts (2004).
32. Polanyi (1944/1957). See also Therborn (1995) on different trajectories of modernity, with the
European one as a special case.
33. Horkheimer and Adorno (1944/1972) and Habermas (1962/1989).
34. Thompson (1990: 248ff); Anderson (1991: 43ff).
35. These branches differ in terms of cultural capital (Bourdieu 1980/1990: 124ff). Bourdieu
(1996/1998; see also 1979/1984: 33f, 1992/1996: 347 and 1994/1998: 40ff) emphasizes how the
media have become a growing threat to the autonomy of the established fields of cultural produc-
tion, but without producing a specific form of cultural capital of its own that deserves to be labelled
‘media capital’.

Notes 199