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34 Control theory in biomedical engineering

The pacemaker is placed in the human body in order to control heart
rhythms (Miller et al., 2015; Cox et al., 2018).
Further, a wearable artificial prosthetic device should be perceived by the
patient as a natural body part. The main goal of artificial prosthetics is to rep-
licate sensory-motor capabilities of the natural body parts (Novak and
Riener, 2015). The loss of a body affects an individual’s ability to interact
with their environment. Thus, several researchers have attempted to con-
struct artificial prosthetics in order to duplicate the function of human limbs.
The main application of artificial prosthetic devices is the wearable hand
prosthetic (Arjun et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016; Nemoto et al., 2018).

5 Conclusion
Mathematical modeling and the theory of control applied to physiological
systems contribute to understanding and maintaining control of the pro-
cesses of the human body. In this chapter, we reviewed the most used math-
ematical approaches and models in physiology. These approaches and
models are supported by structural and practical identifiability as necessary
tools for a comprehensive modeling. We also reviewed the dynamics of
the chaos that arises in several physiological processes and presented many
examples. As the natural and autonomous control process for the human
body is at the heart of future medicine, we provided comprehensive info
on this concept as well as different examples of homeostasis via fundamental
principles of feedback control and different control approaches. Finally, we
outlined a number of challenges and future trends, including biofeedback
control and design and implementation of artificial organs.

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