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168 Chapter 8 ‘Race’, racism and representation

socially and politically constructed and elaborate ideological work is done to secure
and maintain the different forms of “racialization” which have characterized capitalist
development. Recognizing this makes it all the more important to compare and evalu-
ate the different historical situations in which “race” has become politically pertinent’
(35). Working from this perspective, analysis of ‘race’ in popular culture would be the
exploration of the different ways in which it has and can be made to signify.
As Stuart Hall points out, there are three key moments in the history of ‘race’ and
racism in the West (Hall 1997c). These occur around slavery and the slave trade, colon-
ialism and imperialism, and 1950s immigration following decolonization. In the
next section I will focus on how slavery and the slave trade produced the first detailed
public discussions around ‘race’ and racism. It was in these discussions that the basic
assumptions and vocabulary of ‘race’ and racism were first formulated. It is important
to understand that ‘race’ and racism are not natural or inevitable phenomena; they
have a history and are the result of human actions and interactions. But often they are
made to appear as inevitable, something grounded in nature rather than what they
really are, products of human culture. Again, as Paul Gilroy observes,

For those timid souls, it would appear that becoming resigned both to the abso-
lute status of ‘race’ as a concept and to the intractability of racism as a permanent
perversion akin to original sin, is easier than the creative labour involved in invi-
sioning and producing a more just world, purged of racial hierarchy ...Rather
than accepting the power of racism as prior to politics and seeing it as an
inescapable natural force that configures human consciousness and action in ways
and forms that merely political considerations simply can never match, this ongo-
ing work involves making ‘race’ and racism into social and political phenomena
again (xx).

According to Gilroy, there needs to be a reduction in ‘the exaggerated dimensions
of racial difference to a liberating ordinary-ness’, adding that ‘“race” is nothing special,
a virtual reality given meaning only by the fact that racism endures’ (xxii). In other
words, without racism there would be little meaning to the concept of ‘race’. It is racism
that keeps the concept alive. What needs to be recognized is ‘the banality of inter-
mixture and the subversive ordinariness of this country’s [the United Kingdom] con-
vivial cultures in which “race” is stripped of meaning and racism just an after-effect of
long gone imperial history’ (xxxviii).

The ideology of racism: its historical emergence

While it is possible to argue that xenophobia, deriving from ignorance and fear, has
perhaps existed as long as different ethnic groups have existed, ‘race’ and racism have
a very particular history. Racism first develops in England as a defence of slavery and