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8 ‘Race’, racism and

representation

In this chapter I will examine the concept of ‘race’ and the historical development of
racism in England. I will then explore a particular regime of racial representation,
Edward Said’s analysis of Orientalism. I will use Hollywood’s account of America’s war
in Vietnam, and its potential impact on recruitment for the first Gulf War as an example
of Orientalism in popular culture. The chapter will conclude with a brief discussion of
cultural studies and anti-racism.

‘Race’ and racism

The first thing to insist on in discussions of ‘race’ is that there is just one human race.
Human biology does not divide people into different ‘races’; it is racism (and some-
times its counter arguments) that insists on this division. In other words, ‘race’ is a
cultural and historical category, a way of making difference signify between people of a
variety of skin tones. What is important is not difference as such, but how it is made to
signify; how it is made meaningful in terms of a social and political hierarchy (see
Chapters 4 and 6). This is not to deny that human beings come in different colours and
with different physical features, but it is to insist that these differences do not issue
meanings; they have to be made to mean. Moreover, there is no reason why skin colour
is more significant than hair colour or the colour of a person’s eyes. In other words,
racism is more about signification than it is about biology. As Paul Gilroy observes,

Accepting that skin ‘colour’, however meaningless we know it to be, has a strictly
limited basis in biology, opens up the possibility of engaging with theories of signi-
fication which can highlight the elasticity and the emptiness of ‘racial’ signifiers as
well as the ideological work which has to be done in order to turn them into signifiers
in the first place. This perspective underscores the definition of ‘race’ as an open
political category, for it is struggle that determines which definition of ‘race’ will
prevail and the conditions under which they will endure or wither away (2002: 36).

This should not be mistaken for a form of idealism. Difference exists whether it
is made to signify or not. But how it is made to signify is always a result of politics
and power, rather than a question of biology. As Gilroy points out, ‘“Race” has to be