Page 131 - Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

96 Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

4.2.2.10 Internet of things
The concept of Internet of Things is a very vast area of technology that could
include almost everything, ranging from a patient who has implanted a heart
monitor to a home appliance with an integrated chip that could connect to the
internet. Nowadays, some home appliance companies have started to integrate
the essential chipsets inside appliances to give them access to the internet; this
will lead to an active participation of devices in DSM, better system planning,
and cost-effective design of transmission systems. This will also improve the
functionality of a two-way communication between grid and costumers.

4.3 Power quality improvement devices

It has been several decades since PQI devices have been introduced and
installed all over the electricity grid. To introduce the PQI devices used in
smart grids, a review of previously used PQI devices should be introduced.
PQI devices could be categorized into three main generations based on their
developing time plus a transition condition; a brief explanation about these
categories is provided in the following sections. As the progress through con-
ventional electrical systems to smart electrical systems is not sudden, a tran-
sitional condition should play the role of a bridge to pass through it to reach
the smart electrical systems’ standards. As a summary, before introducing
different generations of PQI devices, a block diagram of classification of
PQI devices is shown in Fig. 4.1 [14].

4.3.1 First generation of power quality improvement devices

The first generation of PQI devices is simple and reliable in structure, and
they do not cost so much. This category includes passive, active, and hybrid

DPQI devices *

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

Omitting extra storage sources
Passive Active Hybrid Smart
filters filters filters STATCOM AVR DVR UPS impedance ES MFDGs
1940 1980 1980 1970 1990 2010s 2010s
1970–80 2010s
Line
Series APF Shunt APF 1980 Online Offline CCM VCM HCM
interactive
1970 1980
R-APF Different control methods of MFDGs
The function is improving and some
other features is being added
FIGURE 4.1 A classification of distributed power quality devices based on application and
features.