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Chapter 16

Multistage and decentralized

operations of electric vehicles
within the California demand

response markets

Bin Wang, Rongxin Yin, Doug Black and Cy Chan
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States

16.1 Introduction
There has been an increasing deployment of electric and plug-in hybrid elec-
tric vehicles (EVs) in the market, which has great potential to significantly
reduce the consumption of carbon fuels, air pollution, and carbon emissions.
Regarding the integration of EVs into the electric power system, an early
study [1] proposes a conceptual framework composed of the grid technical
operation and the electricity markets environment. Case study results indicate
that the adoption of advanced centralized EV charging control strategies
allows the integration of a larger number of EVs in the grid, without signifi-
cant amount of grid upgrades. In addition, since EV battery is capable of
providing fast compensation to the grid, the adoption of local controls allows
a better operation performance in islanded operation mode and in cases with
more penetration of renewable energy source (e.g., wind and photovoltaic).
From the high-level perspective of distributed loads in the power system, the
studies [2,3] discuss conceptual frameworks for achieving controllability of
electric loads to provide power system control services as well as grid ser-
vices [i.e., demand response (DR), capacity, ancillary service]. It points out
that uncoordinated load control of EVs can create a new load peak after the
original peak due to the similar switching on time in the early morning.
Economic analysis of optimal integration of EVs in microgrid has also been
investigated in recent work [4 10], which consider all kinds of distributed
energy resource (DER), such as distributed generators, EVs, grid, and load in
the case studies.

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