Page 295 - Design of Simple and Robust Process Plants
P. 295
References 281
± Storage capacities
± Utility supplies reliability and availability
. A step-wise methodology has been described for a site vulnerability study.
For a large integrated complex, the problem is split into supply chains.
. The utility supplies play a dominating role in site vulnerability. A detailed
reliability study must be performed for each utility and gas supplies such as
hydrogen, based on component analysis. For utility supplies, common cause
failures tend to dominate the unavailability where redundancy is used to
improve system reliability. The methodology to identify and quantitatively
incorporate common cause failures in the reliability study is referred to.
. The results of the site vulnerability study can be presented in a prioritized list
of contributors to unavailability and outages over time.
. Evaluation of alternatives makes a cost±benefit analysis possible, and forms a
good quantitative basis for site investments.
References
Ahmad, S. and Hui, D.C.W. Heat recovery Koolen, J.L.A., de Wispelaere, G. and Dauwe,
between areas of integrity. Computers Chem. R. Optimization of an integrated chemical
Eng. 1991, 15, 809±832. complex and evaluation of its vulnerability.
Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) Presented at the 2nd Conference on Process
Guideline for Process Equipment Reliability Integration, Modeling and Optimization for
Data with data tables. AIChE, 1989. Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction,
1999. Hungarian Chemical Society,
Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) pp. 401±407. ISBN 963-8192-879.
Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative
Risk Analysis of AIChE. AIChE, New York, Kotas, T.J. The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant
1989. ISBN 0-8169-0402-2. Analysis (reprinted 1995). Krieger
Publishing Co. ISBN 0-89464-941-8.
Clockwork Designs Inc., Spicewood Springs
Road, Ste 201, Austin, TX 78759, USA. Linnhoff, B. and Dhole, V.R. Shaft work tar-
gets for sub-ambient process design. Chem.
Dhole, V.R. and Linnhoff, B. Total site targets Eng. Sci. 1992, 47, 2081±2091.
for fuel, co-generation, emissions and
cooling. Computers Chem. Eng. 1992, 17 Linnhoff, B. and Dhole, V.R. Targeting for
(Suppl.), S101±S109. CO 2 emissions for total sites. Chem. Eng.
Technol. 1993, 16, 252±259.
Dhole, V.R. and Linnhoff, B. Overall design of
low temperature processes. Computer Chem. Malchi Science Dubi A, Ltd., 39, Hagalim
Eng. 1994, 18 (Suppl.), S105±S111. Boulevard, Herzliya 46725, Israel.
E-mail: spar@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
Doyle, S.J. and Smith, R. Targeting water
reuse with multiple contaminants. Trans. Mihalyko, E.O. and Lakatos, B.G. Optimal
IChemE 1997, 75 (B), 181±189. delay times in operating intermediate
storage in batch processing systems under
Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) A stochastic equipment failures. Computers
User Guide on Process Integration for the Chem. Eng. 1999, 23 (Suppl.), S39±S42.
Efficient Use of Energy. IChemE, 1997.
ISBN 0-85295-3437.
Koolen, J.L.A. Simple and robust design of
chemical plants. Computers Chem. Eng.
1998, 22 (Suppl.), S255±S262.