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10.3 The Design of High-quality Plants 421
Some generic aspects that are important to be recognized for the work process devel-
opment team are:

. Reviews are the feed-back mechanism for the process, and there is no repla-
cement for this, although (as stated before) it is preferable to do things right
the first time. Therefore, it has to be considered to include references to spe-
cific procedures in the work process documentation. In this way the project
team can anticipate beforehand and avoid rework (feed-forward versus feed-
back).
. Bench-marking. The work process is essential for the competitive operation
of a company. Therefore, it will be useful to compare the operational results
of the critical work processes with an external bench-marking.

Project approach
Traditional (sequential) design methods
3 27% 53% 17%

20% 13 % 22% 5% 40%
Planning Design Detailed Eng. Startup Reduction
Concurrent engineering Concept

Fig. 10.4. Concurrent engineering time reduction (Ref: Prasad '96).

10.3.1.2 Work process for capital projects
Aspects that are specific for capital projects are:

. Apply concurrent engineering versus sequential; this will result in less
recycle of work and faster projects (Figure 10.4) (Prasad, 1996).
. Functions to be represented in the team are: business, project management,
process engineering, control engineering, plant operation, project engineer-
ing, design engineering, project control (estimating and planning), construc-
tion, maintenance, procurement, economic evaluation, environmental health
and safety.
. A capital project should apply the best technology but it has constraints on:
± timing ± the time available for developments is restricted.