Page 9 - Design of Simple and Robust Process Plants

X Contents
6.5 Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) Specification 246
6.6 Summary 247
6.7 Definitions 248

7 Optimization of an Integrated Complex of Process Plants
and Evaluation of its Vulnerability 251
7.1 Introduction 251
7.2 Chemical Complexes 252
7.2.1 Nitrogen-based Complexes 252
7.2.2 Hydrocarbon-based Complexes 252
7.2.3 Chlorine-based Complexes 253
7.2.4 Refinery Complexes 253
7.2.5 Combinations Complexes 253
7.3 The Design Philosophies of Integrated Complexes 254
7.4 Site Selection 255
7.5 The Optimization of an Integrated Complex 257
7.5.1 The Site Flowsheet 257
7.5.2 Site Utility Integration 259
7.6 Optimization of Storage Capacity 265
7.6.1 Plant Failures 266
7.6.2 The Storage Tank 267
7.6.3 Simulation and Results 268
7.6.4 A Chain of Production Processes 272
7.7 Site Vulnerability 274
7.8 Summary 280

8 Instrumentation, Automation of Operation and Control 283
8.1 Introduction 283
8.2 Instrumentation 285
8.2.1 Instruments 285
8.2.2 Instrumentation Systems 287
8.2.3 Instrumentation Design 288
8.2.4 Safety Instrument Systems (SIS) 292
8.3 Automation of Operation 294
8.3.1 Instrumentation Selection
(Analog In and Outputs and Digital In and Outputs) 295
8.3.2 Automation of Operation Based on an Operational Strategy 296
8.3.3 Instrumental Safeguarding 308
8.3.4 Observation 314
8.3.5 Summary: Automation of Operation 318
8.4 Control Design 319
8.4.1 Control Strategy Design at Basic Control Level 321
8.4.2 Definition of Control Objectives 322
8.4.3 Evaluate Open Loop Stability 323
8.4.4 Divide the Process into Separate Sections 324