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12.3.1 Scale and Procedure of Assessment . . . 505
12.3.2 Selection of Evaluation Pixels . . . . . . . 506
12.3.3 Number of Evaluation Pixels . . . . . . . 507
12.3.4 Collection of Reference Data . . . . . . . . 509
12.4 Report of Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
12.4.1 Aspatial Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
12.4.2 Spatial Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
12.4.3 Interpretation of Error Matrix . . . . . . . 514
12.4.4 Quantitative Assessment of
Error Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
12.4.5 An Example of Accuracy
Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
12.4.6 Comparison of Error Matrices . . . . . . 521
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13 Multitemporal Image Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
13.1 Fundamentals of Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 527
13.1.1 Conceptual Illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
13.1.2 Requirements of Change Analysis . . . 528
13.1.3 Procedure of Change Analysis . . . . . . 529
13.2 Qualitative Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
13.2.1 Visual Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
13.2.2 Image Compositing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
13.3 Quantitative Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
13.3.1 Spectral Differencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
13.3.2 Spectral Ratioing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
13.3.3 NDVI-Based Change Analysis . . . . . . 536
13.4 Postclassification Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 537
13.4.1 Aspatial Change Detection . . . . . . . . . 538
13.4.2 Spatial Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.4.3 Raster Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
13.4.4 Vector Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
13.4.5 Raster or Vector? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
13.5 Novel Change Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
13.5.1 Spectral Temporal Change
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
13.5.2 PCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
13.5.3 Change Vector Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
13.5.4 Correlation-Based Change Analysis . . . 551
13.5.5 A Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
13.5.6 Change Analysis from
Monotemporal Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
13.6 Accuracy of Change Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
13.6.1 Factors Affecting Detection
Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
13.6.2 Evaluation of Detection Accuracy . . . 560
