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13.7 Visualization of Detected Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
14 Integrated Image Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
14.1 GIS and Image Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
14.1.1 GIS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
14.1.2 Vector Mode of Representation . . . . . 569
14.1.3 Raster Mode of Representation . . . . . 572
14.1.4 Attribute Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
14.1.5 Topological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
14.1.6 GIS Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
14.1.7 Database Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
14.1.8 GIS Overlay Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
14.1.9 Errors in Overlay Analysis . . . . . . . . . 586
14.1.10 Relevance of GIS to Image Analysis . . . 588
14.2 GPS and Image Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
14.2.1 Principles of GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
14.2.2 GPS Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
14.2.3 Improvements in GPS Accuracy . . . . 593
14.2.4 Relevance of GPS to Image Analysis . . . 596
14.3 Necessity of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
14.4 Models of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
14.4.1 Linear Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
14.4.2 Interactive Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
14.4.3 Hierarchical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
14.4.4 Complex Model of Integration . . . . . . 605
14.4.5 Levels of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
14.5 Impediments to Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
14.5.1 Format Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
14.5.2 Accuracy Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . 608
14.6 Exemplary Analyses of Integration . . . . . . . . . . 609
14.6.1 Image Analysis and GIS . . . . . . . . . . . 609
14.6.2 Image Analysis and GPS . . . . . . . . . . . 610
14.6.3 GPS and GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
14.7 Applications of Integrated Approach . . . . . . . . . 611
14.7.1 Resources Management and
Environmental Monitoring . . . . . . . . . 612
14.7.2 Emergency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
14.7.3 Mapping and Mobile Mapping . . . . . 614
14.7.4 Prospect of Integrated Analysis . . . . . 614
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619