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control systems still remains very limited, mainly in full-scale demonstration projects.
In addition to purely passive and purely active control systems, hybrid systems have also
been suggested (Soong et al., 1991), that complement each other (for instance, a passive
damper can reduce the force that has to be reduced by the active controller), hence producing
an effective protecting system.

4.5 REFERENCES

AFPS [French Association for Earthquake Engineering] (1990) Recommendations pour la redaction
de règles relatives aux ouvgages et installations à réaliser dans les regions sujettes aux seismes,
Presses de l’ENPC, Paris.
Ambraseys, N.N. and Bommer, J.J. (1995) ‘Attenuation relationships for use in Europe: an overview’ ,
paper given at 5th SECED Conference ‘European Seismic Design Practice’ Chester, October 1995,
Amsterdam, Balkema, pp. 67–74.
Ambraseys, N.N. and Simpson, K.A. (1996) ‘Prediction of vertical response spectra in Europe’,
Earthquake Engineering Structural’Dynamics; 25(4): 401–12.
Anagnostopoulos, S.A., Haviland, R.W. and Biggs, J.M. (1978) ‘Use of inelastic spectra in aseismic
design’, journal Struct. Division, ASCE, 104 (ST1): 95–109.
Arnold, C. and Reitherman, R. (1982) Building Configuration and Seismic Design, John Wiley, New
York.
Bertero, V.V. (1989) ‘State-of-the-art report: Ductility based structural design’, paper given at 9th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo—Kyoto, Japan, August 1988, Maruzen,
Tokyo, VIII, pp. 673–86.
Booth, E. (ed.) (1994) Concrete Structures in Earthquake Regions: Design and Analysis, Longman,
London.
Booth, E., Kappos, A.J. and Park, R. (1998) ‘A critical review of international practice on seismic
design of reinforced concrete buildings’, The Structural Engineer, 76(11): 213–20.
Bolt, B.A. (1993) Earthquakes, W.H. Freeman, New York.
Borcherdt, R.D. (1994) ‘Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and
justification)’, Earthquake Spectra, 10(4): 617–53.
Bruneau, M., Uang, C-M. and Whittaker, A.S. (1998) Ductile Design of Steel Structures, McGraw-
Hill, New York.
CEN (1994a) Techn. Comm. 250/SC8 Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of
Structures: Part 1, General Rules—Seismic Actions and General Requirements for Structures (ENV
1998–1–1), CEN, Brussels.
CEN (1994b) Techn. Comm. 250/SC8 Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of
Structures: Part 1, General Rules—General Rules for Buildings (ENV 1998–1-2). CEN, Brussels.
CEN (1994c) Techn. Comm. 250/SC8 Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of
Structures: Part 2, Bridges (ENV 1998–2). CEN, Brussels.
Chopra, A.K. (1995) The Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake
Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J. (1993) Dynamics of Structures, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.