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29. Randy Y. Hirokawa, “Discussion Procedures and the Field,” International Journal of e-Collaboration,
Decision-Making Performance: A Test of the 3 (January-March 2007): 40–64.
Functional Perspective,” Human Communication 42. Judith Pena-Shaff, Wendy Martin, and Geraldine
Research, 12 (1985): 203–24. Gay, “An Epistemological Framework for Analyzing
30. Randy Y. Hirokawa, “Group Decision-Making Student Interactions in Computer-Mediated
Performance: A Continued Test of the Functional Communication Environments,” Journal of Interactive
Perspective,” Human Communication Research, 14 Learning Research, 12 (Spring 2001): 41–62.
(1988): 487–515. 43. Ibid.
31. Norman R. F. Maier, Problem-Solving Discussions 44. Ibid.
and Conferences: Leadership Methods and Skills 45. Ibid.
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963): 171–77. 46. Hambley, O’Neill, and Kline, “Virtual Team
32. Koerber and Neck, “An Application of Whyte’s Leadership.”
Model.” 47. Tyrone Adams and Norman Clark, The Internet:
33. David R. Siebold, “Making Meetings More Effective Online Communication (Fort Worth, TX:
Successful: Plans, Formats, and Procedures for Harcourt, 2001): 105–07.
Group Problem Solving,” in Small Group 48. Hambley, O’Neill, and Kline, “Virtual Team
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S. Cathcart and Larry A. Samovar (Dubuque, IA: 49. John A. Short, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce
Wm. C. Brown, 1992): 187. Christie, The Social Psychology of
34. Annika Wiebow and Udo Konradt, “Two-dimensional Telecommunications (London: Wiley, 1976).
Structure of Team Process Improvement: Team 50. Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Kenneth Johnson, and Murray
Reflection and Team Adaptation,” Small Group Turoff, “Experiments in Group Decision Making:
Research, 42 (2011): 32–54. Communication Process and Outcome in Face-to-
35. Marvin E. Shaw, Group Dynamics, 3rd ed. Face versus Computerized Conferences,” Human
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981): 364. Communication Research, 13 (1986): 225–52.
36. See, for example, John K. Brilhart and Lurene 51. Sharon L. Murrell, “The Impact of Communicating
M. Jochem, “Effects of Different Patterns on Through Computers” (Unpublished doctoral disser-
Outcomes of Problem-Solving Procedures,” Journal tation, State University of New York at Stony
of Applied Psychology, 48 (1964): 175–179; Ovid Brook, 1983).
L. Bayless, “An Alternative Model for Problem- 52. Vitaly J. Dubrovsky, Sara Kiesler, and Beheruz
Solving Discussion,” Journal of Communication, 17 N. Sethna, “The Equalization Phenomenon: Status
(1967): 188–97; and Sidney J. Parnes and Arnold Effects in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face
Meadow, “Effects of ‘Brainstorming’ Instruction on Decision-Making Groups,” Human Computer
Creative Problem Solving by Trained and Untrained Interaction, 6 (1991): 119–46.
Subjects,” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50 53. Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Kenneth Johnson, and Murray
(1959): 171–76. Turoff, “Experiments in Group Decision Making, 3:
37. Shaw, Group Dynamics, 364. Disinhibition, Deindividuation, and Group Process
38. Leonard Berkowitz, “Sharing Leadership in Small in Pen Name and Real Name Computer
Decision-Making Groups,” Journal of Abnormal and Conferences,” Decision Support Systems, 5 (June
Social Psychology, 48 (1953): 231–38. 1989): 217–32.
39. James H. Davis, Group Performance (Reading, MA: 54. Sara Keisler and Lee Sproull, “Group Decision
Addison-Wesley 1969). Making and Computer Technology,” Organizational
40. Annette C. Easton, Nancy S. Eickelmann, and Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52 (June
Marie E. Flatley, “Effects of an Electronic Meeting 1992): 96–123.
System Group Writing Tool on the Quality of 55. David H. Jonassen and Hyug II Kwon,
Written Documents,” Journal of Business “Communication Patterns in Computer Mediated
Communication, 31 (1) (1994): 27–40. Versus Face-to-Face Group Problem Solving,”
41. Laura Hambley, Thomas O’Neill, and Theresa Educational Technology Research and Development,
Kline, “Virtual Team Leadership: Perspectives from 49 (March 2001): 35–51.

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