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CHAPTER 13 • Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation  249


         2. To what degree does the timing of ice sheet     www.classzone.com/book/earth_science/terc/content/
            melting support the Milankovitch theory           visualization (Chapter15).
            that orbital insolation controls the size of ice
            sheets?
                                                            Advanced Reading
         3. To what degree do changes in intensity of summer  Bard, E., B. Hamelin, R. G. Fairbanks, and A. Zindler.
            monsoons in the last 17,000 years support the     1990. “Calibration of the  C Time Scale over the
                                                                                    14
            Kutzbach theory that orbital insolation controls  Last 30,000 Years Using Mass Spectrometric U-Th
            the intensity of monsoons?                        Ages from Barbados Corals.” Nature 345: 405–10.
         4. What evidence suggests that variations in orbital  Dyke, A. S., and V. K. Prest. 1987. “Late Wisconsinan
            insolation were not the only cause of climate     and Holocene History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.”
            changes during the last 17,000 years?             Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 41: 237–63.
                                                            Fairbanks, R. G. 1989. “A 17,000-Year Glacio-eustatic
         5. Describe how and why proglacial lakes travel slowly  Sea Level Record: Influence of Glacial Melting on
            across the landscape behind melting ice sheets.   the Younger Dryas Event and Deep-Ocean

         6. Why were summer temperatures at high northern     Circulation.” Nature 342: 637–42.
            latitudes warmer 6000 years ago than they are   Teller, J. T. 1987. “Proglacial Lakes and the Southern
            today? Would they also have been warmer at high   Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.” In North
            southern latitudes?                               America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last
                                                              Deglaciation, ed. W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright.
         7. What do orbital trends imply about future changes  Geology of North America, K–3. Boulder, Colo.:
            in monsoons and northern ice sheets?              Geological Society of America.
                                                            Webb, T., III. 1998. “Late Quaternary Climates: Data
          Additional Resources                                Synthesis and Model Experiments.” Quaternary
                                                              Science Reviews 17: 587–606.
        Basic Reading                                       Webb, T., III, S. Howe, R. H. W. Bradshaw, and
        COHMAP Members. 1988. “Climatic Changes of the        K. M. Heide. 1981. “Estimating Plant Abundances
           Last 18,000 Years: Observations and Model          from Pollen Percentages: The Use of Regression
           Simulations.” Science 241: 1043–62.                Analysis.” Review of Paleobotany and Palynology
        Kutzbach, J. E., and F. A. Street-Perrott. 1985.      34: 269–300.
           “Milankovitch Forcing of Fluctuations in the Level  Wright, H. E., Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W. F.
           of Tropical Lakes from 18 to 0 Kyr B.P.” Nature    Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein.
           317: 130–34.                                       1993. Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum.
        Roberts, N. 1998. The Holocene. Oxford: Blackwell.    Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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