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FIGURE 7.1
Sum of two vectors.

FIGURE 7.2
Difference of two vectors.
r
u = (, ( u ê +) ( u ê) (7.1)
u u =)
1 2 1 1 2 2
where ê and ê are the unit vectors (length is 1) parallel to the x-axis and
2
1
y-axis, respectively. In terms of this representation, we can write the zero vec-
tor, the sum of two vectors, and the multiplication of a vector by a real num-
ber as follows:

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