Page 12 - Bruno Linder Elementary Physical Chemistry

August 19, 2010 10:36 9in x 6in b985-fm Elementary Physical Chemistry

Contents xi

6.2. Chemical Equilibrium. Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.2.1. Ideal Solutions. Raoult’s Law . . . . . . . . . 46
6.2.2. Ideal Dilute Solutions. Henry’s Law . . . . . . 47
6.2.3. Colligative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2.4. Elevation of Boiling Point. Depression of
Freezing Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2.5. Osmotic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2.6. Chemical Reaction Equilibria . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.7. Elements of Electrochemistry. Electrochemical
Cells .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 56
6.2.8. Half-Reactions. Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . 57
6.2.9. Cells at Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

7. Chemical Kinetics 60
7.1. The Rates of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2. Order of Reaction . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 61
7.3. Units of the Reaction Rate Constant, k .. .. . .. . 62
7.4. Determination of the Rate Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4.1. Isolation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4.2. Initial Rate Method . .. ... .. .. ... .. 63
7.5. Integrated Rate Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.5.1. First-Order Reaction .. ... .. .. ... .. 64
7.6. Half-Lives .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 66
7.7. Other Reaction Orders .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 67
7.7.1. Zero-Order Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.7.2. Third-Order Reactions . ... .. .. ... .. 67
7.8. Concentration of Products .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 68
7.9. Temperature-Dependent Reaction Rates. The Arrhenius
Equation ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 69
7.10. Reaction Rate Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.10.1. Collision Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.10.2. Activated Complex Theory . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.11. Rate Law Mechanisms . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 73
7.12. The Steady State Approximation ... .. .. ... .. 74
7.13. The Rate-Determining Step (or Equilibrium)
Approximation . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 76