Page 13 - Bruno Linder Elementary Physical Chemistry

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xii Elementary Physical Chemistry

7.14. Unimolecular Reactions .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 77
7.14.1. The Lindemann Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.15. Chain Reactions . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 79

8. Introduction to Quantum Theory 82
8.1. Historical Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.2. Failure of Classical Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.2.1. Black-Body Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.2.2. Photo-Electric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.2.3. Heat Capacity of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.2.4. Wave or Particle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.3. The Rutherford Atom ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 86
8.4. The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . 88
8.5. Louis de Broglie .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 89
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8.6. The Schr¨dinger Equation . .. .. ... .. .. ... . 92
8.7. Summary and Conclusions . .. .. ... .. .. ... . 93
8.8. Schr¨dinger’s Cat .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 94
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9. Applications of Quantum Theory 97
9.1. Translational Motion. Particle-in-a-Box . . . . . . . . 97
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9.2. Hydrogenic Atoms (H, He ,Li 2+ , etc.) .. .. .. . .. 98
9.3. One-Electron Wave-Functions . .. ... .. .. ... . 99
9.4. Ionization Energy . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 99
9.5. Shells and Subshells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.6. Shapes of Orbitals .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 100
9.7. Electron Spin . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 101
9.8. Structure, Transitions and Selection Rules . . . . . . . 102
9.9. Many-Electron Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.10. Pauli Exclusion Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.11. Selection Rules for Spectroscopic Transitions . . . . . 103

10. Quantum Theory. The Chemical Bond 104

10.1. Valence Bond Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
10.2. Polyatomic Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10.3. Molecular Orbital Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10.4. Bonding and Anti-bonding Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . 109